Gaoligong Mountain
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2023-01-11 13:36:08
Gaoligong Mountain
brief introduction
Gaoligong Mountain
Gaoligong Mountain is also known as Gaolianggong Mountain, Gaoligong Mountain, Kunlun Mountain and watershed. Origin of the name: Gaoli (also called Gaoli or Gaori) is a transliteration of the name of a Jingpo family. "Gong" is Jingpo language, which means "mountain". Gaoligong originally meant "the mountain of Gaoli family". Later, the Chinese name added "mountain" after "Gaoligong". "Gaoligong Mountain" was first seen in the "Man Book" written by Fan Chuo, a famous scholar in the Tang Dynasty.
Gaoligong Mountain is an important part of China's national nature reserve, the world biosphere reserve, and the three parallel rivers world natural heritage. It is a key area of terrestrial biodiversity of international significance, and a Class A reserve of international significance.
Gaoligong Mountain is known as "the gene bank of the world species", "the World Museum of Nature", "the refuge of life", "the paradise of wild animals", "the birthplace of the ancestors of mammals", "the cradle of the flora of East Asia", and "the double-sided bookshelf of mankind", sports fitness .
Gaoligong Mountain
Located in the Grand Canyon of the Nujiang River and on the west bank of the Nujiang River, it is a national nature reserve. The reserve is 9 kilometers wide from east to west and 135 kilometers long from south to north, with a total area of 120000 hectares. The mountain is steep and the peaks and valleys are arranged alternately in the north and south. It has a very typical vertical landscape of natural geography of mountains and valleys and rich and diverse animal and plant resources. This is a pearl in the Hengduan Mountains, with a forest coverage rate of 85%. The complex topography of mountains and valleys and the vast ecological environment provide favorable bottom-up conditions for various animals and plants.
The huge mountain body of Gaoligong Mountain has blocked the invasion of the northwest cold current and retained the warm and humid air flow in the Indian Ocean, making the nature reserve located at low latitude and high altitude form a typical subtropical climate. In the area with an altitude of 1600~2800 meters on the east and west slopes, it is the main body of the nature reserve. It connects the eastern Himalayan region and forms the most eye-catching primitive broad-leaved forest region in China.
Gaoligong Mountain is known as the "World Museum of Nature" and "World Species Gene Bank". Alsophila spinulosa, the "living fossil of plants", has supported a whole world, continuing the "green dream" of dinosaurs; "The world's azalea king", the oldest tree with an age of more than 280 years, covers an area of 500 square meters. Gaoligong Mountain is home to more than 20 kinds of national first-class protected animals, such as takin, hummingmonkey, green peacock, white-brown gibbon, Bengal tiger, and is also known as the "paradise of wild animals".
Topographical features
Gaoligong Mountain
Gaoligong Mountain is the westernmost mountain range in the Hengduan Mountains. Its height and width are smaller than Yunling and Nushan. Gaoligong Mountain is connected to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the north and the Indo-China Peninsula in the south, which makes it a transitional feature from south to north, both in meteorology and biology.
The northern part of Gaoligong Mountain is located in the Tibet Autonomous Region and is called Boshula Ridge. The mountain body is in the north-west direction. After entering the Dulong and Nu Autonomous County of Gongshan, Yunnan Province, it is called Gaoligong Mountain, with a north-south trend and an average altitude of about 3500 meters. Among them, the north section is higher, with an altitude of more than 4000 meters, and the tail end is about 2000 meters.
Rich resources
summary
Gaoligong Mountain
Here, forest resources are extremely rich, and rare plants can be seen everywhere. There is the largest rhododendron species in the world today - the large tree rhododendron with more than 500 years of age; There is an ancient relict plant known as "green longevity star" - Taiwania flousiana, a rare tree species under national protection; There are the original species of Yunnan cherry blossom, the original species of Yunnan camellia, and other rare trees, which are the forests of China's rare trees.
From the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Indo-China Peninsula, as well as animals and plants of local species, many ancient species have been preserved on the Gaoligong Mountain, which has become the largest and most valuable territory in the world's "animal kingdom" and "plant kingdom" in Yunnan, China. It has the titles of "paradise of pheasants and magpies", "birthplace of mammalian ancestors", "cradle of East Asian flora", etc.
In 1986, Gaoligong Mountain was listed as a national nature reserve. In 1992, Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve was listed as Class A (the most important nature reserve in the world) by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
In 2000, UNESCO officially approved the Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve as a member of the World Biosphere Reserve Network. There are 391 protected areas in 94 countries around the world, while there are only 19 in China and only Gaoligong Mountain and Xishuangbanna in Yunnan Province.
Animal resources
Gaoligong Mountain
The Hengduan Mountains extending from the north to the south, which zoologists call the corridor of the north and south animal regions. It is known as the birthplace of "differentiation of mammalian ancestors". There are all kinds of wild animals living in the reserve, including 30 species under national protection. The takin, which enjoys the same reputation as the giant panda and Yunnan golden monkey, is the ancient protozoa of Gaoligong Mountain. There are also gibbons, lazy monkeys, black langurs, gray langurs, bear monkeys, red-faced monkeys, black musk deer, clouded leopards, golden cats, civet cats, etc.
There are more than 300 kinds of birds, including the white-tailed red pheasant, the red-bellied pheasant, the silver pheasant, the golden pheasant, the white-bellied golden pheasant, the red-bellied golden pheasant, the green peacock, the sun bird and a wide variety of thrushes. There are 154 species of mammals, 419 species of birds, 21 species of amphibians, 56 species of reptiles, 49 species of fish, and 1690 species of insects in Gaoligong Mountain [12], including 18 species of national first-class protected animals, 49 species of national second-class protected animals, and 5 species of provincial-level key protected animals. Such as Bengal tiger, takin, white-browed gibbon, white-tailed pheasant, red panda, etc.
On February 8, 2022, it was learned from the Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences that the research team of evolutionary genomics and gene origin of the Institute found a new species of twirling ptera insects in Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan Province, namely, the wasp Yue Yang. Relevant research results were published in the international zoology journal ZooKeys.
plant resources
When the scientific researchers of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences investigated the vegetation of Gaoligong Mountain in the Gaoligong Mountain Nature Reserve, they unexpectedly found a new tropical rain forest at the Bathing River (Bathing River) in Baihualing, which is the highest latitude and altitude tropical rain forest recorded in the world. The tropical rainforest community is tall and has a complex hierarchical structure. There are huge plate roots of arbors and large woody vines everywhere. There are many epiphytic plants of Araceae and Piperaceae on the trunk and branches of the forest, and the large-leaved herbs under the forest, such as plantain and Echinacea, are also very rich. The characteristics of the tropical rainforest are very obvious.
Gaoligong Mountain
In terms of vegetation classification, the tropical rainforest belongs to the gully rainforest type of tropical seasonal rainforest. This tropical rainforest is distributed along the ditch in the range of 1300-1500 meters above sea level in the Bathing River, which is the northernmost latitude (25 ° 19 'N) recorded in the world and the highest elevation tropical rainforest, with high scientific research and protection value.
The Gaoligong Mountains, which span five latitudes, is the only region on the earth that has preserved a large transition from humid tropical forests to temperate forests [8], and is an extremely precious and rare area with outstanding biodiversity in the world. The vegetation in the reserve is a warm temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, extending from the south of Lushui County in the north to the south of Tengchong and Baoshan in the south, in a narrow and long shape, with an area of about 1234 square kilometers. Because of the high and steep terrain and the windward position of the southwest monsoon, the rainfall is large and the forest grows thick and tall. Generally, the bottom of the valley is a dry and hot valley type vegetation, the middle part is a broad-leaved forest, and the top of the mountain at an altitude of 3000~3500 meters is a mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest or a pure fir and hemlock forest. The main protected plants are cedar. The mountain top of Gaoligong Mountain is surrounded by clouds and fog all the year round, and the cold is pressing. The mountainside is not hot in summer and cold in winter. The Nujiang River valley at the foot of the mountain is scorching all the year round. With the change of climate, vegetation and ecology have also changed rapidly. In the Gaoligong Mountain Nature Reserve, which covers an area of only 120000 hectares, there are more than 4600 recorded higher plants, accounting for 17% of the national higher plant species. There are more than 500 kinds of higher plants that are endemic and rare in Gaoligong Mountain area, among which more than 70 kinds of higher plants are national and provincial rare and protected plants. It is also the hometown of the "eight famous flowers in Yunnan", such as camellia, magnolia, orchid, gentian, primrose, artemisia annua, lily and azalea. A world rhododendron in the reserve, the big tree rhododendron, has a diameter of 2.1 meters at breast height and blooms more than 40000 flowers every year. It is the best with its bright and huge flowers and magnificent momentum.
In July 2020, the scientific researchers of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, discovered the armored orchid and Himalayan armored orchid in Tengchong, Yunnan for the first time, adding two important new recorded plant species to the southern part of the Gaoligong Mountains, which has high scientific research value. According to the assessment criteria of threatened species of IUCN (World Conservation Union), the threatened grade of armored orchid is endangered (EN). In 2018, the largest population of Dali armored orchids was discovered in Gaoligong Mountain. So far, three species of armored orchids have been distributed in the southern section of Gaoligong Mountain, which has high scientific research value. Other relevant scientific research should be actively carried out while implementing on-site protection.
Gaoligong Mountain
In the center of the nature reserve, there is Yaojiaping Forest Tourism Resort. The resort is located at an altitude of 2540 meters, 21 kilometers away from Lushui County, 42 kilometers away from Pianma Port, and has convenient transportation. It is on the only way from Liuku to Pianma. Due to the diversity of forest types and vertical distribution of vegetation in the nature reserve, you can enjoy the climate and scenery of Gaoligong Mountain in spring, summer, autumn and winter in Yaojiaping on one day. Here, you can see the main ridge of Gaoligong Mountain, which is like the Great Wall of Ice and Snow. You can watch the double waterfalls of Dishui River, which is known as "Yinshan Escort Water". Climb up the mountain, and you can reach the alpine glacial lake - Obedient Lake. At present, the resort has a daily reception capacity of about 200 people, can provide accommodation for 60 people, and has song and dance performances and handicraft exhibitions of various ethnic groups in the Nujiang River. The forestry department of Lushui County has also established a seedling breeding base for the rare tree species of Taxus chinensis in Gaoligong Mountain near the resort. In the hot midsummer season in the canyon, it has become the most ideal summer resort.
Geological and geomorphological editing and broadcasting
Due to the deep cutting of the Nujiang River, the relative height is very high, and the mountain is steep and dangerous. It is a fault-block mountain formed by the river after the crustal uplift. It is mostly composed of metamorphic rocks, and there is a large area of magmatic rocks in the lower part. The distribution of modern volcanic groups on the west slope of Gaoligong Mountain in Tengchong reflects that the current crustal activity is still relatively intense (see Tengchong Volcanic Group). At the junction of Baoshan and Tengchong, located in the upper part of Gaoligong Mountain between the Nujiang River and Longchuan River valleys, Gaoligong Mountain Nature Reserve was established in 1983, which is a national nature reserve. natural resources
Travel information
traffic
Gaoligong Mountain
Baoshan Airport has two flights to and from Kunming every day, with a journey of about 40 minutes and a full ticket price of about 810 yuan. Baoshan Airport is 9 kilometers away from the urban area of Baoshan, and it costs 25-30 yuan to take a taxi. You can also take the night coach (sleeper) in Kunming and arrive at Baoshan in about 10 hours. Take the shuttle bus from Baoshan to Mangkuan and Liuku to Tengchong, get off at Gangdang, 78 kilometers away from Dongliu Highway, and then take other vehicles to Baihualing (the journey is 11 kilometers long). Or start from Kunming, arrive at Liuku, the capital of Nujiang Prefecture, take a shuttle bus from Liuku to Lushui County, and then take a bus from Lushui to Pianma (there are also shuttle buses to Pianma in Lushui), and pass through Gaoligong Mountain Nature Reserve.
Tourism season
From October to May of the next year, Gaoligong Mountain is suitable for tourism. February - March and October are the best tourist seasons. From February to March, the Nujiang River in the east of Gaoligong Mountain is clear and the kapok on both banks is in full bloom. The top of the mountain is sometimes covered with snow, and the three-dimensional climate is very obvious. In October, there are golden paddy fields on both sides of Gaoligong Mountain. In the nature reserve, the autumn color is obvious and the color is the most abundant. It is the best time for photography, video and sightseeing.
Climbing route
Gaoligong Mountain is a concept of a large region. Its national nature reserve extends to Gongshan, Fugong and Lushui counties in Nujiang Prefecture in the north, Tengchong County in the middle, and Longyang District in Baoshan City in the south. The main peak of Gaoligong Mountain is in Nujiang State, and most of the hikers walk on Gaoligong Mountain in Nujiang State. They start from Gongshan Mountain, climb the mountain, and then walk north along the ancient Tea-Horse Road in the Dulong River basin. Or climb the Gaoligong Mountain on foot along the ancient Silk Road (20 kilometers). Through Baoshan (or Liuku) - Baihualing - Nanzhai Mansion (3250 meters above sea level) - Linjiapu, it takes 10-12 hours to hike over Gaoligong Mountain in one day.
And the route around Gaoligong Mountain: Baoshan (or Liuku - Baihualing - Huangzhu River - Baihualing - Nankang - Tengchong.)
get accommodation
In the center of the nature reserve, Yaojiaping Forest Tourism Resort has been built. The resort is 2540 meters above sea level, 21 kilometers from Lushui County and 42 kilometers from Pianma Port. You can also stay at Baihualing Science and Tourism Reception Center.
Main landscape
Volcanic geothermal
Hot Sea Pot
In the hinterland of Gaoligong Mountain, there are more than 90 Cenozoic volcanoes, large and small, in the shape of iron pots. "What a Tengyue state, ten mountains and nine headless". The local folk songs vividly describe the magnificent wonders of the volcano group. Gaoligong Mountain is rich in geothermal resources. There are many hot springs in the reserve, such as Baihualing Yinyanggu Hot Spring, Jinchanghe Hot Spring, and Bailuotang Color-changing Hot Spring. Among the many volcanoes of Gaoligong Mountain, the heat wave is steaming, and hundreds of hot springs and hot springs are scattered, forming one of the three famous geothermal scenic spots in China - "Tengchong Hot Sea", and the "Big Boiling Pot" heat wave of sulfur pond, which is up to 98 ℃, is soaring. The coexistence of volcanoes and geothermal energy is a unique wonder in the world.
Waterfalls and waterfalls
Gaoligong Mountain Beauty Waterfall
Gaoligong Mountain is the watershed between the Nu River and the Irrawaddy River. There are more than 80 rivers flowing into these two rivers in the reserve. Due to the large drop (often more than 2000 meters), these rivers form many beautiful waterfalls and overlapping waters, such as Baihualing Yinyang Valley three-stage waterfall, Meiren waterfall, Gaojiayan waterfall group, and Damekou waterfall. Gaoligong Mountain is dotted with spectacular cascade waterfalls. At noon, the mountains, forests and valleys were cut into a wonderful light and dark sketch by light, and the light was blue everywhere; In the backlight, there is an expanse of green. The mountains are graceful and changeable under the light. However, the waterfall was suddenly drilled out of the bushes under the search of people, and glittered into white clouds one after another. The brown ochre rocks became more solemn and deep like a wise man in the sound of the waterfall. Viewed from a distance, the waterfall surged out of the two opposing valleys. It seems that at the time of the eruption, it will quickly escape into a "well" shaped rock with a narrow top and a wide bottom. Then it fell down about four or five meters, and suddenly plunged into the jungle. The sound is very loud, making the tranquility of the mountain add to the sound of the waterfall.
