Finland ē n lán]
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2023-04-04 14:46:35
Finland ē n lán]
Finland ē n lán]
The Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta, Swedish: Republiken Finland), abbreviated as Finland (Finnish: Suomi, Swedish: Finland), can enjoy free medical treatment. Located in northern Europe. Bordering Sweden, Norway and Russia, it borders the Gulf of Finland in the south and the Gulf of Bothnia in the west, with a land area of 338000 square kilometers. The coastline is 1100 kilometers long. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The inland water area accounts for 10% of the country's total area, with approximately 179000 islands and 188000 lakes, earning it the title of "Thousand Lakes Country". One third of the country's land is within the Arctic Circle. It belongs to a temperate marine climate. The average temperature ranges from -14 ℃ to 3 ℃ in winter and from 13 ℃ to 17 ℃ in summer, with an average annual rainfall of 600 millimeters. Finland implements a two-level administrative system, namely administrative districts and municipalities. There are 7 regional management agencies and 15 economic development, transportation, and environmental management centers, with Helsinki as the capital. In April 2022, Finland had a population of 5.549 million， sports fitness .
Finland is the hometown of Santa Claus, with the earliest residents being the Lapu people, hence Finland is also known as Lapland. The Finns established an early state after moving in. Finland has been a part of Sweden since the 12th century. In 1397, it was merged into the Karma League and became independent with Sweden in 1523. After the Russo Swiss War in 1809, it was annexed by the Russian Empire and became its subordinate Grand Duchy of Finland. In December 1917, it declared independence, implemented republic, and became a permanent neutral country.
Finland is a highly developed capitalist country and a highly industrialized and liberalized market economy. Finland is one of the EU member states, but its per capita GDP is much higher than the EU average and comparable to its neighboring Sweden. The main economic indicators for 2021 are as follows: GDP: 251.37 billion euros, per capita GDP: 45400 euros, and GDP growth rate: 3%.
Latest news
Finland will officially join NATO on April 4, 2023-04-03 19:57
On April 3rd, the Office of the Finnish President announced that Finland will officially join NATO on April 4th. NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg said that the Finnish flag will be raised outside NATO headquarters on the 4th, making Finland the 31st member state of NATO details
The Republic of Finland is short for The Republic of Finland, the main city of Helsinki, the European capital of the continent to which Finland belongs, Espoo, Tampere, Rofaniemi, Turku and other national day national anthem "Our Country" on December 6, 1917 country code FIN official language Finnish, Swedish currency Euro time zone UTC+2 political system National leader of the republic Sana Marin (Prime Minister) has a population of 5.549 million (April 2022), with a population density of 18.2 people/km2 [26] the main ethnic groups, Finns, Swedes, Sami, the main religion, Christianity Lutheranism [1], with a land area of 338000 km ² Water area ratio 10% GDP Total 237.46 billion euros (2020) Per capita GDP of 42900 euros (2020) international call area code 358 Abbreviation of international domain name. fi Road traffic Right driving official website http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ Renowned as the main universities of the Thousand Lakes Country, such as the University of Helsinki, Alto University, and University of Olu
Historical evolution
Main entry: Finnish history
The name "Finland" originates from a province in southwestern Finland that has been known as the headquarters of Finland since the 18th century. 'Ö sterland' is the name given to this land in the eastern border of Sweden. It was not until around the 15th century that Finland began to become synonymous with "Ö sterland".
The history of Finland began more than 10000 years ago when humans settled in the present-day Finnish region, and this primitive commune system continued in Finland until the 12th century.
In 1249, Swedish Regent Bieriel Jaer occupied Finland through the Second Swedish Crusade. This crusade was launched in response to the Tavastian people's refusal to continue converting to Christianity. Novgorod controlled Karelia, which spoke the East Finnish dialect. Sweden took control of West Karelia during the Third Swedish Crusade in 1293. West Karelia later became part of the Western cultural circle, while East Karelia gradually shifted towards Russia and Eastern Orthodoxy in terms of culture. Although the East Caledonians still maintain close ties with the Finns in terms of language and bloodline, they are usually regarded as an independent ethnic group. The boundary between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox worlds was also established on the eastern boundary of Finland with the N ö teborg Treaty of 1323.
Finland integrated into the cultural circle of the Middle Ages in the 13th century. Dominic will be introduced to Finland in 1249 and have a significant impact. As early as the early 14th century, there were already documents documenting the first batch of students from Sorbonne University in Finland. In the western part of Finland, urban settlements in Turku are developing. Turku was once the largest town in the Kingdom of Sweden, with residents including German businessmen and artisans. Although Finland had a very low level of urbanization during the Middle Ages. There are only some agricultural dioceses and territories in southern Finland and along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. In other regions of Finland, there are Sami people who rely on fishing, hunting, and small-scale farming to survive. In the 12th and 13th centuries, a large number of Swedes migrated to the southern and northwestern shores of Finland. Swedish is even more common in the Oran Islands and the archipelago between the Oran Islands and Turku than it is today. Swedish has also become a language used by the upper class in other regions of Finland.
Turku established its diocese in the 13th century. The Turku Cathedral is the center of worship for St. Henry and the local cultural center. At that time, bishops had greater religious authority than today and were often the most powerful people in the area. The bishop is usually Finnish, but the commander in the castle is usually a nobleman from Sweden or Germany. In 1362, representatives of Finland were invited to participate in the election of the King of Sweden. This event is often seen as a manifestation of Finland's integration into the Kingdom of Sweden. As a part of Scandinavia, a gentry and aristocratic class composed of wealthy individuals and self employed farmers who could afford one person, one horse, and equipment, concentrated in southern Finland.
The fortress located in Viborg defended the eastern border of Finland. Sweden and Novgorod signed the N ö teborg Treaty in 1323, but this treaty was not adhered to for a long time. In 1348, King Magnus IV of Sweden launched a crusade against Eastern Orthodox heretics, which only caused him to lose support and lose the throne. This crusade also failed in the end. The dispute between Sweden and Novgorod was aimed at controlling the wilderness inhabited by the Savo people on the north coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and in the east of Finland. Novgorod regarded it as a fishing and hunting base and was dissatisfied with the slow infiltration of Catholic immigrants to the west. During the 14th and 15th centuries, Sweden and Novgorod had some intermittent conflicts with each other, but most of the time they remained in an unstable state of peace. The existing internal tension is also the same.
The civil war that occurred in the Scandinavian part of Sweden in 1380 also affected Finland. In 1389, the winner of the Civil War, Margaret I, brought all three kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway under her rule, which was known as the Kalma League. Over the next 130 years, various factions in Sweden attempted to break this alliance. Finland was also involved in this dispute, but in the 15th century it seemed to be a relatively prosperous period, during which the population increased and the economy also developed. By the end of the 15th century, the situation on the eastern border had become increasingly tense. The Grand Duchy of Moscow occupied Novgorod, taking a step towards unifying Russia. From 1495 to 1497, there was a war between Sweden and Russia, and the fortress of Viborg was surrounded by Russia. According to legend at the time, the city was saved by a miracle.
In 1521, the Karma Union collapsed, Sweden regained independence, and Gustav I was appointed as the king of Sweden. Under his rule, Sweden accepted Protestantism in 1527. Sweden's administrative system has undergone a drastic reform, which has strengthened the country's control over local life and, of course, allowed for the collection of more taxes. Immediately after the Reformation, Mikael Agricola, Bishop of Turku, published his translation of the Finnish New Testament.
In 1550, Gustav I established Helsingfors, later known as Helsinki, but for two centuries it remained only a fishing village.
After Gustav I's death in 1560, his three sons succeeded one after another. Among them, Eric XIV ushered in the era of expansion in Sweden, and in 1561, he included the city of Tallinn in Estonia under his protection. After the Livonia War (1558-1583), Sweden has been in a state of war or quasi war for 160 years. In the first stage of the war, Sweden seized control of Estonia and Latvia with Denmark, Poland, and Russia. Finns were therefore subjected to conscription, heavy taxes, and military harassment brought about by war. This led to an uprising among the Finns from 1596 to 1597, which ended in a bloody crackdown. The Tyavzino Treaty signed with Russia in 1595 moved the border between Sweden and Russia to the east and north, approximately the current boundary between Finland and Russia.
A significant part of Finnish history in the 16th century was the growth of the population in agricultural settlements. The king encouraged farmers to migrate from Savonia Province to the vast wilderness in central Finland. This forced the Sami people who originally lived here to leave. And some wastelands are traditional fishing and hunting grounds for the Karelians. In the 1580s, this led to a bloody guerrilla warfare between Finns and Karelians, especially in Boten Province.
From 1611 to 1632, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, who reigned, carried out a series of military reforms, transforming the Swedish army from a former peasant militia into an efficient weapon of war, and perhaps even the best army in Europe. He completed the occupation of Livonia and gained the territory lost by Russia in the Stolbova Treaty. In 1630, the armies of Sweden and Finland entered Germany to participate in the Thirty Years' War. The Finnish light cavalry composed of Finns is known as "Hakkapeliitat".
After the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, Sweden became one of the most powerful countries in Europe. From 1637 to 1640 and from 1648 to 1654, Count Per Brahe, the Governor of Finland, implemented important reforms and built many cities during his tenure. Its measures are often considered beneficial for Finland's development. For example, in 1640, Finland's first university Å bo College was established in Turku. The entire Finnish Bible was also published in 1642.
But heavy taxes, continuous war and cold climate (Little Ice Age) made Finnish farmers in this period spend a bleak time. In the Second Northern War between 1655 and 1660, Finnish soldiers were transferred to fight in Livonia, Poland and Denmark. Sweden's political system is also increasingly inclined towards absolute monarchy.
From 1638 to 1655, the Kingdom of Sweden still held the Delaware and Pennsylvania regions of present-day America as colonies. At least half of the immigrants are Finnish.
In the 17th century, Finland was controlled by Lutheran ideology. In 1608, the law of Moses was annexed to secular law. Everything in all fields must abide by Lutheranism's belief. Going to church has become compulsory, and religious penalties have also been widely used. These regulations were announced after the resignation of Bishop Johan Terserus of Turku, whose catechism was declared heretical by theologians at the Royal College of Turku in 1664. On the other hand, the Lutheran Church encouraged individuals to study the Bible, marking Finland's first attempt to promote universal education. The church requires every believer to have the ability to read the basic texts of Lutheran faith. Although these regulations may be achieved by memorizing the text, they also convey the ability to read to the public.
A famine that occurred between 1697 and 1699 claimed about 30% of Finland's population.
In the Finnish War of 1808, Sweden lost the war with Russia, and Finland was occupied by the army of Russian Tsar Alexander I. Afterwards, Finland separated from Sweden and became an autonomous duchy within the Russian Empire, with the Tsar serving as the duchy until 1917.
Shortly after the Russian Bolshevik Revolution (October Revolution) on December 6, 1917, Finland declared independence.
Map information: Winter War and Eastern Front
In 1918, this country experienced a brief but unforgettable civil war. During World War II, Finland and the Soviet Union engaged in two battles: the Winter War of 1939-1940 (in which Sweden provided some assistance to Finland and established a classic victory over many under the leadership of Marshal Mannheim), and the Continuing War of 1941-1944 (Nazism provided important assistance to Finland, and the Finns recaptured the Karelia region through this war). Finland maintained a neutral attitude during World War II. In 1944, the Soviet Union launched a counterattack and reoccupied the territory recaptured by Finland.
During the Battle of Lapland from 1944 to 1945, Finland expelled the Germans from the northern region of Finland.
The multiple treaties signed with the Soviet Union in 1947 and 1948 stipulated Finland's obligations and restrictions towards the Soviet Union, and Finland also made more territorial concessions based on the 1940 peace treaty. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland was finally able to decide its own fate and joined the European Union in 1995.
On March 18, 2007, in the parliamentary election, the Middle Party won 51 seats out of 200 seats, the United Party 50 seats, the Social Democratic Party 45 seats, the Left Wing Alliance 17 seats, the Green Alliance 15 seats, the Swedish National People's Party and the Christian Alliance 9 and 7 seats respectively. On April 19, the government with Matti Vanhanen as Prime Minister was sworn in. The government was composed of the Middle Party, the United Party, the Green Alliance and the Swedish People's Party.
On May 18, 2022 local time, Finland officially submitted a "accession" application letter to NATO.
On July 4, 2022 local time, Finnish Foreign Minister Havesto and NATO Assistant Secretary General Kadenbach completed the final talks on the two countries' accession to NATO at NATO headquarters in Brussels. Finland officially confirmed its willingness to join NATO and assume the political, legal, and military obligations stipulated in the alliance.
On July 5, 2022 local time, Finland officially signed the Protocol of Accession to NATO.
On March 1, 2023 local time, the Finnish parliament voted to approve the country's accession to NATO with a vote of 184:7.
On March 27, 2023 local time, the Hungarian parliament voted to approve Finland's application to join NATO. [59] On the evening of March 30 local time, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey voted to approve Finland's application to join NATO.
