Republic of South Africa
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2023-05-09 16:47:29
Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa
The Republic of South Africa, abbreviated as "South Africa". Located in the southern hemisphere, it is known as the "Rainbow Country". Located at the southernmost end of the African continent, it has a land area of 1219090 square kilometers. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean in the east, south and west. On the land, it borders Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Eswatini. To the east, it faces Australia across the Indian Ocean, and to the west, it faces Brazil and Argentina across the Atlantic Ocean. South Africa has three capital cities: the administrative capital (the seat of the central government) is Pretoria, the legislative capital (the seat of the parliament) is Cape Town, and the judicial capital (the seat of the Supreme Court) is Bloemfontein. The country covers an area of 1219090 square kilometers and has a population of 59.62 million (as of 2020). Divided into four major races: black, colored, white, and Asian, the country is divided into nine provinces，sports fitness .
South Africa was once a British colony in history. In May 1961, it was renamed the Republic of South Africa. During the period of white rule, racial discrimination and segregation policies were long implemented domestically through legislative and administrative means. On April 27, 1994, the first non racial general election was held, resulting in the formation of a Constituent Assembly and a new government. In the same year, South Africa ended racial segregation and passed a bill to safeguard the rights of black people before joining the Commonwealth.
South Africa is the second largest economy in Africa, with a relatively high standard of living and relatively stable economy compared to other African countries. South Africa's finance, law, communication, energy, and transportation industries are relatively developed, with complete hardware infrastructure and stock trading markets. The production of gold and diamonds both ranks first in the world. Deep well mining and other technologies occupy a leading position in the world. South Africa has been identified as a medium-sized power in international affairs and maintains significant regional influence. In 2022, South Africa's gross domestic product (nominal) reached 405.6 billion US dollars, with a per capita gross domestic product (nominal) of 6771 US dollars and an annual growth rate of 1.9%.
Golden History
What does gold mean for South Africa?
99% of engineers, 78% of natural scientists, 91% of technicians, and 72% of technicians in South Africa are all white, while almost all labor is done by black people details
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The Republic of South Africa in Chinese, the foreign language name of the Republic of South Africa, is abbreviated to Pretoria, Cape Town, the main cities of Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth and other national days in Africa, the capital of the continent to which South Africa belongs. The national anthem "God Bless Africa" on May 31, 1961, "The Shout of South Africa", the country code ZAF official language Afrika English currency rand time zone UTC+2 political system presidential system republic national leader Matamena Cyril Ramaphosa (president) population 59.62 million (2020) population density 48.9 people/km2 (2020) main ethnic blacks, colored people, whites, Asians main religious Protestantism, Catholic land area 1219090 km ² [1] GDP totaled 405.6 billion US dollars (2022) GDP per capita was 6771 US dollars (2022) international call area code 27 Abbreviation of international domain name. za Road traffic Left driving Geographic location between 22 degrees south latitude and 35 degrees east longitude 17 degrees 33 degrees The largest city Johannesburg Central Bank Reserve Bank of South Africa Government code ZAF national flower Emperor flower phonetic alphabet ˊ Renowned as the main universities of the Rainbow Kingdom, such as Jinshan University and the University of Pretoria
Historical evolution
The earliest indigenous inhabitants of South Africa were the San, Koi, and later Bantu people who migrated south.
In 1652, the Dutch began to invade and launched multiple colonial wars against the local black people.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Britain began to invade. In 1806, it occupied the "Cape Colony". The Afrikaans were forced to migrate inland. In 1852 and 1854, they established the "Orange Free State" and the "Republic of Transvaal".
After the discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa in 1867 and 1886, a large number of European immigrants flooded in. The British annexed the Free State of Orange and the Republic of Transvaal through the "Anglo British War" (1899-1902).
In May 1910, Britain merged the provinces of Cape, Transvaal, Natal, and the Free State of Orange into the Confederation of South Africa and became a British colony.
After the Nationalist Party took power in 1948, it comprehensively implemented the system of racial segregation and suppressed the resistance struggle of the South African people, which was condemned and sanctioned by the international community.
On May 31, 1961, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth (rejoined in 1994) and established the Republic of South Africa. White South Africans's white authorities have long pursued the policy of racial discrimination and apartheid in the country through legislative and administrative means, and have successively promulgated hundreds of racist laws and decrees.
In 1989, after becoming the leader and president of the Nationalist Party, DeKlerk implemented political reforms, lifted the ban on black liberation organizations, and released black leaders such as Nelson Mandela.
In 1991, 19 parties including the African National Congress, the South African government, and the Kuomintang held multi-party negotiations on a political solution to the South African issue, and reached an agreement on political transition arrangements in 1993.
From April to May 1994, South Africa held its first general election regardless of race. The African National Congress, the South African Communist Party and the South African Trade Union Congress formed a tripartite alliance and won by a majority of 62.65%. Mandela became the first black president of South Africa, and the African National Congress, the Kuomintang, and the Inkatha Freedom Party formed a national unity government. This marks the end of racial segregation and the birth of a democratic and equal new South Africa.
On June 23, 1994, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution to restore South Africa's seat in the General Assembly.
In December 1996, South African President Mandela signed a new constitution, laying the legal foundation for the establishment of a new national system of racial equality.
On October 28, 2016, South Africa was elected to the United Nations Human Rights Council for a term of office from 2017 to 2019.
On June 8, 2018, the United Nations General Assembly elected South Africa as a non-permanent member of the Security Council for 2019 and 2020.
On October 11, 2022, he was elected as a new member of the United Nations Human Rights Council and will take office on January 1, 2023.
On December 7, 2022 local time, Eskom announced that South Africa will enter a six level power rationing state from now on.
On February 9, 2023, South African President Ramafosa declared a state of national disaster in an attempt to contain the severe power crisis.
On March 6, 2023, Johannesburg time, South African President Ramaphosa announced the appointment of Paul Mashatil, Vice Chairman of the ruling African National Assembly (ANC), as the Vice President of South Africa.
geographical environment
Regional location
South Africa is located at the southernmost point of the African continent, between latitude 22 ° to 35 ° S and longitude 17 ° to 33 ° E, with a total land area of 1.219 million square kilometers. South Africa borders Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe to the north and Mozambique and Eswatini to the northeast. Lesotho is a South African country surrounded by China and its territory. Prince Edward Island and Marion Island, located 1920 kilometers southeast of Cape Town in the Atlantic Ocean, are also South African territories. South Africa is bordered by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, south, and west, serving as transportation hubs between the two oceans. Its geographical location is crucial, with a coastline of over 3000 kilometers.
South Africa
topographic features
South Africa is located at the southernmost point of the African Plateau, with coastal lowlands bordering the south, east, and west, and heavy mountains surrounding the north. The northern inland region belongs to the Kalahari Desert, mostly consisting of shrubland grasslands or arid deserts, with an elevation of approximately 650 to 1250 meters. The elevation of the surrounding highlands exceeds 1200 meters. The highest point in South Africa is the Tabana Mountain on the Great Escarpment in the east, with an altitude of 3482 meters. To the east is the Longshan Mountains.
climate
Most of South Africa has a warm temperate climate, with an average annual temperature of 10-24 ℃. The average summer temperatures in major cities are as follows: Johannesburg 15-26 ℃, Tswanne 18-29 ℃, and Cape Town 16-26 ℃. Winter average temperature: Johannesburg 4-17 ℃, Tswanne 5-20 ℃, Cape Town 7-18 ℃.
hydrology
There are two main rivers in South Africa: one is the Orange River, which flows from east to west into the Atlantic Ocean, with a total length of 2160 kilometers. It is one of the largest rivers in Africa, with a drainage area of about 950000 square kilometers. The other is the Limpopo River, which mainly flows through the border with Botswana and Zimbabwe and flows into the Indian Ocean through Mozambique, with a total length of 1680 kilometers and a drainage area of 385000 square kilometers.
Other smaller rivers originating from inland plateaus often cut through the "Great Cliffs" and flow into the Indian Ocean, with a few flowing westward into the Atlantic Ocean. There are mainly: The Vaal River at the border between the Free State and the four northern provinces, The Tugela River in Kwa/Na Province, The Sundays and The Great Fish River in the Eastern Cape Province, The Olivants River in the Western Cape Province, The Letaba River in the Northern Province, and The Caledon River in the eastern part of Free State Province.
natural resources
South Africa is rich in mineral resources. It is one of the five largest mineral resources countries in the world. Its mineral resources are famous for their variety, large reserves and high output. It has tectonics known as the second richest mineral in the world. South Africa has proven reserves and extracted over 70 types of minerals, with a total value of approximately 2.5 trillion US dollars. According to statistics, South Africa's reserves, production, and exports of various minerals such as platinum group metals, manganese ore, chromium ore, aluminum silicate, gold, diamonds, fluorite, vanadium, vermiculite, zirconium group ore, titanium group ore, etc. all rank among the top in the world, even accounting for over 50% of the world's total. Among them, the reserves of platinum group metals, fluorite, chromium rank first in the world, gold, vanadium, manganese, zirconium rank second, titanium rank fourth, phosphate ore, uranium Lead and antimony rank fifth, coal and zinc rank eighth, and copper ranks ninth. However, due to the lack of oil and gas resources, South Africa's energy mainly depends on coal resources, while oil and natural gas mainly rely on imports. Some of them use bioenergy, coal to oil technology, nuclear energy, solar energy and wind energy.
administrative division
South Africa is divided into 9 provinces, namely Gauteng Province, KwaZulu Natal Province, Free State Province, Limpopo Province, East Cape Province, West Cape Province, Mpumalanga Province, Northwest Province, and North Cape Province. The South African government, parliament, and Supreme Court of Appeal are located in three cities, so they have three capitals. South Africa is the only country in the world with three capitals.
Administrative capital: Pretoria is the seat of the central government of South Africa, with a population of 2.35 million;
Legislative capital: Cape Town is the seat of the South African Parliament, the second largest city and important port in the country, located at the southwest end, and an important international shipping route intersection with a population of 3.5 million;
Judicial Capital: Bloemfontein is the seat of the national judicial institution with a population of 750000.
