Germany
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2023-03-29 15:07:42
Germany
Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany, referred to as "Germany" for short, is a federal parliamentary republic country located in Central Europe, ranking first in the field of innovation, bordering Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France to the west, Denmark to the north, and the North Sea and Baltic Sea. The total length of the land boundary is 3876 kilometers, the coastline is 2389 kilometers, and the land area is 358000 square kilometers. The German administrative region is divided into 16 states, 13175 municipalities, and the capital is Berlin. As of June 2022, Germany had a population of 83.22 million. The first academic organization to focus on Sinology, the Jingxing Society, was born in Germany， sports fitness .
In 962 AD, the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation was established. In 1871, a unified German empire was established. In 1914, it provoked the First World War. The Weimar Republic was established in 1919. In 1939, the Second World War was launched, and the economy suffered a heavy blow. After the war, Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. The Germans rebuilt on the ruins and quickly ranked among the world's technological powers. On May 23, 1949, the West promulgated the Basic Law, establishing the Federal Republic of Germany. On October 7th of the same year, the German Democratic Republic was established in the east. On October 3, 1990, Germany achieved reunification.
Germany is a highly developed capitalist country and a world-renowned high-end manufacturing power. Germany is the largest economy in Europe, known as the "European economic locomotive", and its economic aggregate ranks first in Europe. In 2021, Germany's GDP was $4.26 trillion, with a per capita GDP of $5.12 million. Germany has a complete social security system and a high standard of living for its citizens. The high-end manufacturing industry represented by automobiles and precision machine tools is an important symbol of Germany. The German people's rational, pragmatic, scientific and rigorous national spirit of pursuing excellence has also led to the world-renowned "Made in Germany". In 2018, Germany became the world's most innovative economy. Germany assumed the presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) since January 1, 2022.
Chinese name: Federal Republic of Germany Foreign name: Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Federal Republic of Germany (abbreviated as "Federal Republic of Germany"): The European capital of Germany, the main cities of Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Bremen, Dresden, etc. National Day October 3, 1990 National Anthem "The Song of Germany" National Code DEU Official Language German Currency Euro Time Zone UTC+1 Political System Parliamentary Republic National Leader Frank Walter Steinmeier (President) Olaf Schultz (Prime Minister) [1] Population: 84.3 million (by the end of 2022) Population density: 240.4 people/km2 (2020) [2] Main ethnic groups: Germans, Danes, Saubers [1] Main religions: Protestantism [1], Catholic land area: 358000 km ² [1] Water area ratio: 2.416% GDP: 3.57 trillion euros (2021, international exchange rate) [1] Per capita GDP: 2900 euros (2021, international exchange rate) [1] International phone area code: 49 International domain name abbreviation: de Road access, right driving, national structure, composite administrative division: 16 states, largest cities, Berlin, largest administrative division: Bavaria Free State (also known as Bayern State) The highest point in the geography is the Chug Peak Alps. The Central Bank of the German Federal Bank's Human Development Index is 0.931 (the 6th highest in the world, extremely high in 2014). Automotive brands such as Porsche, Mercedes Benz, BMW, Audi, Volkswagen's famous circuit, the Nurburgring circuit, the famous car race, the German Grand Masters Tournament (DTM). The major universities of higher learning are Humboldt University in Berlin, the University of Bonn, and the University of Gottingen, Brunswick University of Technology National Bird White Stork Famous enterprises DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Siemens AG and other national symbols Brandenburg Gate, Rhine River, New Swan Castle National Flower Cornflower
Historical evolution
Early history
Map of Prussia after the unification of Germany
Map of Prussia after the unification of Germany
The term "Germanic" comes from the Latin Germanic language. Julius Caesar referred to Germanic as the various tribes on the right bank of the Rhine River. Germanic records were recorded in the "Germanic Chronicles" of AD 100. "The German word Deutschland (the land of the German people, originally known as deutsciu land) comes from Deutsch and is derived from the Old Highland word 'deutsc', which originally used to distinguish between local dialects originating from the Latin and Romantic languages.". The word "diutisc" comes from the original Germanic language in order þ Iudiskaz (popular), þ Iudiskaz comes from þ eud ō，þ eud ō It is also inherited from the original Indo European Tewt é h (human) language.
Germanic people lived in Germany long ago, and tribes gradually formed in the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. In 476 AD, the Roman Empire (Western Rome) was overthrown.
Germany split from the Frankish Empire in 843 and established the Holy Roman Empire in 962. Through long-term foreign conquest, the Holy Roman Empire occupied the Czech Republic, northern Italy, and western Poland, and made expeditions to Russia and Hungary. In the mid 13th century, it moved towards feudal separatism.
In 1157, this empire received the title of "Holy Empire". In 1254, the title "Holy Roman Empire" was first used by the Empire. In 1512, after the Cologne Empire Conference, an edict was issued to use the title "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation", which remained in use as an official name until 1806.
On July 12, 1806, by signing the Treaty of the Rhine Bundakte (German: Rheinbundakte), 16 southern and midwestern states of Germany on both sides of the Rhine River, including Liechtenstein, Bavaria, Wuertenburg, and Baden, separated from the Holy Roman Empire and established a new political union, the "Rhine Bundakte.". The Confederacy established a bicameral parliament in Frankfurt, elected Napoleon as its protector, and Napoleon dominated the diplomatic and military affairs of the Confederacy. On August 6th, Franz I, who had already called himself Emperor of Austria, was forced to renounce his title as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire perished. The Habsburg dynasty could only rule the Austrian Empire (renamed Austria-Hungary in 1867).
In the following years, 23 more states joined the Rhine Confederacy; Within the German region, only Austria, Prussia, Denmark controlled Holstein, and Sweden's Pomeranian region did not join the Rhine Confederacy, and the West Bank of the Rhine and Elford, which were not included in France, were not counted.
German Empire
At the beginning of the 18th century, Prussia had already risen, competing with Austria over Germany. In the 19th century, with the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire, it became even more urgent to establish a unified modern nation-state. [3] According to the Vienna Conference of 1815, the Confederation of Germany was established. In 1848, revolutions broke out throughout Germany, and since then, Prussia has increasingly become the dominant force for German unity. In particular, Prime Minister Bismarck of Prussia led the arduous internal, military, and diplomatic struggles.
In 1864, Prussia united with Austria to defeat Denmark and reclaim the land occupied by Denmark in the north; In the "Seven Week War" of 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and established the Confederation of Northern Germany the following year; In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War was launched, and several southern German states seceded from French rule. In 1871, Germany was unified and the German Empire was established.
Two World Wars
The German Empire provoked the First World War in 1914, and in 1918, due to its defeat, it collapsed. Emperor William II abdicated. In February 1919, Germany established the Weimar Republic.
In 1933, Hitler came to power under dictatorship and established Nazi Germany. Germany launched the Second World War in 1939. Under the attack of the Allies, Germany was defeated and surrendered on May 8, 1945.
On September 1, 1939, the German army launched an invasion of Poland. After that, the Soviet army quickly occupied the entire territory of Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany, and the Second World War began. As the war progressed, Germany and its allies quickly took control of the European continent and North Africa, but plans to force Britain to surrender or cease the war failed. From 1939 to 1940, by launching Blitzkrieg, they quickly occupied Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, and launched air strikes against Britain.
On June 22, 1941, Germany violated the Soviet German Non Aggression Treaty and invaded the Soviet Union. From June 28, 1942, to February 19, 1943, Germany suffered a failure in Operation Blue and retreated from the eastern battlefield, plunging into the Battle of Stalingrad. Germany's ally, Italy, surrendered in September 1943, forcing Germany to defend the Italian front. After the Battle of Normandy, the Western Front was added, and Allied troops further entered German territory.
In the Berlin Battle on April 25, 1945, the Soviet army invaded the city of Berlin. On April 30, the Soviet army completely occupied the urban area of Berlin. On the afternoon of that day, Hitler committed suicide. The commander of the Berlin defense area planned to make a conditional surrender to the Soviet commander, but the Soviet side refused. On May 2, after repeated negotiations, the Berlin Guard surrendered, and on May 8, Germany officially announced its unconditional surrender.
East and West Germany
Graffiti on the Berlin Wall
After the Second World War, according to the Yalta Agreement and the Potsdam Agreement, Germany was divided and occupied by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union in August 1945, and the four countries formed an Allied Control Committee to take over the highest power in Germany. The city of Berlin is also divided into four occupied areas.
In June 1948, the German occupied territories of the United States, Britain, and France merged.
On May 23, 1949, the German Federal Republic (abbreviated as "Federal Germany" or "West Germany") was established in the occupied western region of Germany after the merger. On October 7th of the same year, the Soviet occupied area in eastern Germany established the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From then on, Germany officially split into two sovereign countries.
In 1961, Democratic Germany built the Berlin Wall to prevent East German residents from moving westward.
In 1989, the situation in Democratic Germany changed dramatically. Since May of the same year, a large number of citizens have left the Federal Republic of Germany. In early October of the same year, demonstrations of varying scales broke out in many cities, demanding relaxation of restrictions on overseas travel and the media. On October 18th, the President of the Democratic Republic of Germany, Leonardo, announced his resignation. On November 9th, the "Berlin Wall" opened. On November 28th, Chancellor Kohl of the Federal Republic of Germany proposed a ten point plan for the reunification of the two Germans.
Unification of the two Germans
In 1989, the drastic changes in Eastern Europe led to the collapse of socialist regimes in various countries, including East Germany;
In 1990, with the consent of the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, East and West Germany finally reached a treaty of reunification between the two countries.
From February 13 to 14, 1990, the Prime Minister of Democratic Germany, Mordro, visited the Federal Republic of Germany for the first time. On March 18th, the People's Assembly of Democratic Germany implemented free elections. After Dmitry de Mezier became Prime Minister, the pace of reunification between the two Germans accelerated significantly.
On May 18, 1990, Federal Germany and Democratic Germany signed a national treaty on the establishment of a monetary, economic and social union in Bonn.
On August 31, 1990, Federal Germany and Democratic Germany signed the Treaty of Reunification in Berlin.
On September 24th, 1990, the Democratic German National People's Army officially withdrew from the Warsaw Pact Organization.
On October 3, 1990, Democratic Germany officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany. The Constitution, the People's Parliament, and the government of Democratic Germany were automatically abolished, and the original 14 special regions were changed into 5 states to adapt to the organizational system of Federal Germany, which was merged into Federal Germany. The two Germans, which had been divided for more than 40 years, were reunified.
On October 28, 2015, the Federal Republic of Germany was elected as a member of the 70th United Nations Human Rights Council for a term of office from 2016 to 2018.
On June 8, 2018, the United Nations General Assembly elected Germany as a non permanent member of the Security Council for 2019 and 2020.
On October 11, 2022, he was elected as a new member of the United Nations Human Rights Council and will take office on January 1, 2023 (for a second term)
