Netherlands
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2023-03-30 14:34:17
Netherlands
Netherlands
The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; English: The Kingdom of the Netherlands) is abbreviated as "the Netherlands". Located in northwest Europe. It borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the west and north. The coastline is 1075 kilometers long. 24% of the area is below sea level, and 1/3 of the area is only 1 meter above sea level. Since the 13th century, reclamation of land from the sea has increased the land area by about 6000 square kilometers, with a land area of 41528 square kilometers. It has a marine temperate broad-leaved forest climate. The average temperature in coastal areas is 16 ℃ in summer and 3 ℃ in winter; In inland areas, it is 17 ℃ in summer and 2 ℃ in winter. The average annual precipitation is 797 millimeters. The Kingdom of the Netherlands is composed of 12 provinces and overseas territories, with Amsterdam as its capital. In January 2022, the population of the Netherlands was 17.59 million (Statistics Netherlands)， sports fitness .
Before 1648, the Netherlands was successively ruled by the Habsburg dynasty in Austria and the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. In 1568, the Dutch War of Independence against Spanish rule broke out. The Republic of the Netherlands was founded in 1581. The province of Holland is the largest, richest, and most powerful province in the Republic of the Netherlands. The Chinese translation of the name "Netherlands" comes from the word "Holland". After the signing of the Treaty of Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Spain officially recognized its independence. In the 17th century, its national strength reached its peak, becoming the world's most powerful maritime hegemon at that time, known as the Sea Wagon Driver. After the Vienna Conference in 1815, it merged with Belgium to form the United Kingdom of Netherlands. Belgium became independent in 1831. In 1848, a constitutional monarchy was established.
The Netherlands is a highly developed capitalist country, one of the founders of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and a member of international organizations such as the Schengen Agreement, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. The main economic data for 2021 are as follows: GDP: 860 billion euros. Per capita GDP: 49000 euros.
Foreign cooperation
Russia and the Netherlands, More than 300 Years of Love 2021-09-27 09:36
Under the adverse environment of Russia and the Western world's hostile relationship over the Crimean issue, the trade volume between the Netherlands and Russia increased by over 19% in 2018, reaching US $42.7 billion. During the same period, the value of Russian exports to the Netherlands increased by 57% to $43.47 billion. In addition, the Netherlands has long been Russia's second largest crude oil market.
Content from
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is abbreviated as the European capital of the Netherlands. The major cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Eindhoven, Tilburg, and other national days are celebrated on April 27th. The national anthem "Ode to William" is the national code of NLD. The official language of NLD is the Dutch currency, the euro time zone, UTC+1 political system, parliamentary monarchy, constitutional monarchy, and national leader William Alexander (King) Mark Luther (Prime Minister) Population 17.59 million (January 2022) Population density 508.2 people/km2 (2020) [20] Main ethnic groups Dutch, Frisian main religions Catholic, Protestant land area 41528 km ² Water area ratio: 18.41% GDP: 860 billion euros (2021) GDP per capita: 49000 euros (2021) International phone area code: 31 International domain name abbreviation: nl Road access: right driving government location: The Hague National Flower, Tulip, National Bird, Spoonbill, National Stone, Diamond, the largest city in Amsterdam, famous automobile brand, World Grand Pride, known as the country of windmills, major universities such as the University of Groningen, The University of The Hague, and other geographical peaks: Mount Wallsberg (321 meters above sea level)
Historical evolution
Founding of the People's Republic of China
In ancient Roman times, the region on the south bank of the Rhine River first belonged to the "Belgian Gaul" province, and later to the "Germanic province.". The northern part of the area is inhabited by many Germanic tribes, while the southern part is inhabited by Gauls. These Gauls also integrated many Germanic tribes during the immigration period, including the Saryan Franks who migrated from here to Gaul, and established a powerful Merovian dynasty in the fifth century AD, which later developed into the Charlemagne Empire.
During the Middle Ages, it was the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. By the early 16th century, due to complex royal marriages, they were unified under the Hapsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire.
It officially became a state in 1463 and was in a state of feudal separatism for a long time before the 16th century.
It was ruled by Spain in the early 16th century.
In 1556, Emperor Karl V (1519-1556) abdicated, ceding Spain and the lowlands (known as the Northern Province) to his son Philip II, and ceding other regions such as Austria and the Habsburg orthodoxy to his brother Ferdinand I. In this way, the Northern Province belongs to the Kingdom of Spain.
In 1568, due to resistance to the centralization of power by the King of Spain and persecution of the Protestant Calvinist sect, the Eighty Year War, which lasted for 80 years, broke out in the Northern Province against Spain.
Netherlands
In 1579, seven of the northern provinces (the regions of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) established the Utrecht Alliance to oppose Spanish rule. This is considered the beginning of modern Holland.
On July 26, 1581, representatives from various Dutch uprising cities solemnly announced in The Hague that the Spanish king's dominion over the Dutch provinces would be abolished, and the alliance would formally declare independence, establishing the Dutch Republic (officially known as the United Republic of Netherlands). The war continued, and it was not until 1648 that King Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of Minster, recognizing the seven lowland provinces of the United Republic.
In 1588, seven provinces joined forces and announced the establishment of the Dutch Federal Republic. This is a country unprecedented in human history. Many historians say that it was the first country in the world to "grant full political rights to the merchant class.".
Dominate
After gaining independence from Spain, the Netherlands developed into a maritime and trade power in the 17th century. The number of merchant ships in the Netherlands exceeds the total number of merchant ships from all European countries, and is known as the "carriage driver at sea". The Netherlands established colonies and trade strongholds around the world. This period is known as the "Golden Age" in the Netherlands.
In 1602, under the leadership of the Speaker of the Parliament of the Republic, Oden Barnwelt, the Dutch Union East India Company was established.
In 1648, Spain officially recognized the independence of the Netherlands. The Netherlands had reached the peak of commercial prosperity, becoming a maritime colonial power in the 17th century, and becoming the largest colonial country in the world after Spain.
In 1656, the Dutch delegation arrived in Beijing.
By the middle of the 17th century, the global commercial hegemony of the Dutch republics had been firmly established. At this time, the Dutch East India Company already had 15000 branches, accounting for half of the world's total trade volume. More than 10000 merchant ships flying the Dutch tricolor flag cruised over the five oceans of the world: at that time, there were 20000 ships in the world, and 15000 in the Netherlands. More than the total number of ships from Britain, France, and Germany.
In September 1688, a huge fleet pulled anchor and set sail from the port of Amsterdam. These ships carried William III, the supreme consul of the Netherlands, and 20000 Dutch soldiers. William III's visit was invited by the British Parliament to protect the "religious freedom and property" of British nationals.
decline
In the late 17th century, the Netherlands successively fought with Britain and France, losing to Britain at sea (the Anglo-Dutch War), and to France on land (the Franco Dutch War), thereby declining.
In 1795, the Netherlands was occupied by France, and the Dutch Republic perished, establishing the puppet government of the First Republic of France, the Republic of Badavia.
After the 18th century, the Dutch colonial system gradually collapsed.
In 1806, Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon's younger brother, became king, and the Netherlands was granted the kingdom.
It was incorporated into France in 1810.
In 1814, Belgium seceded from France, and the following year, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg established the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830).
In 1848, it became a constitutional monarchy. Maintain neutrality during World War I. The declaration of neutrality at the beginning of World War II.
In May 1940, it was occupied by the German army, and the royal family and government moved to England to establish a government in exile.
After World War II
"In 1945, China regained its independence, abandoned its neutrality policy after the war, and joined NATO, the European Community, and later the European Union.".
On December 15, 1954, the Netherlands adopted the "HetStatuut", which gave the original colonies and possessions of the Netherlands the same status within the Kingdom as the Netherlands itself. Since then, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has specifically referred to a kingdom composed of the Dutch mainland and its former colonies, while the term "Netherlands" refers specifically to the Netherlands on the European continent. The current Kingdom of the Netherlands comprises three parts, namely, the Netherlands on the European continent, the Netherlands Antilles, and Aruba.
On November 22, 2006, the Netherlands held elections for the second house of Parliament. Of the 150 seats, the Dutch Christian Democratic Union won 41, the Dutch Labour Party 32, the Socialist Party 26, and the Liberal Democratic People's Party 22. On February 22, 2007, the new Council of Ministers was sworn in, consisting of the Christian Democratic Union, the Labour Party, and the Christian Union, with Jan Peter Balkenende as Prime Minister.
On March 28, 2015, the Netherlands joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
On November 28, 2016, the Netherlands and Belgium signed an agreement on border change and territorial exchange between the two countries.
geographical environment
Regional Location
The Netherlands is located in western Europe, bordering Germany to the east and Belgium to the south. Bordering the North Sea in the west and north, it is located in the Rhine River, Maas River, and Skelt River Delta. It is located between 3 ° 21 'to 7 ° 13' east longitude and 50 ° 45 'to 53 ° 52' north latitude.
The Netherlands covers an area of 41528 square kilometers.
mainland
Caribbean Territory
The farthest distance between the north and south of the Netherlands is about 300 kilometers, and the farthest distance between the east and west is about 200 kilometers, with a total area of 41864 square kilometers. Along the coast, there are over 1800 kilometers of sea dams and embankments, with a coastline of 1075 kilometers. Since the 13th century, a total of over 7100 square kilometers of land have been reclaimed, equivalent to one fifth of the land area of the Netherlands. Today, 18% of the Dutch territory is artificially reclaimed from the sea.
overseas
In addition to its own territory, the Netherlands administers two overseas territories: Aruba and the Antilles, covering an area of 980 square kilometers.
Aruba is an island located in the Caribbean Sea, off the Gulf of Venezuela in the north of the South American country Venezuela, about 25 kilometers from the Paraguana Peninsula. In 1986, it became a separate political entity in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Netherlands continues to be responsible for the island's national defense and external affairs.
The Netherlands Antilles is composed of two groups of islands in the Caribbean Sea, which are more than 800 kilometers apart from each other. On January 1, 2007, Curacao Island and Saint Martin Island became separate Dutch dependencies, and the remaining three islands formed the "Kingdom Islands", with their status to be determined.
topographic features
Low and flat terrain is the most prominent feature of the Netherlands. The whole territory is low lying, with a quarter of the land at an altitude of less than 1 meter, and a quarter of the land below the sea level. Except for some hills in the south and east, most of the terrain is very low. The south is connected by the deltas of the Rhine, Maas, and Schelder rivers. "The Netherlands" is called Netherland in the Germanic language, meaning "the country of the lowlands." It is named after more than half of its territory is below or almost at sea level. Some areas are even formed by reclaiming land from the sea, such as most of the province of Frevoland.
The highest point in the Netherlands is Vaalserberg, located in the southeast corner of the southern province of Limburg, at an altitude of 321 meters. The lowest point in the Netherlands is near Rotterdam, 6.7 meters below sea level.
Climatic characteristics
The Netherlands is located between 51 ° and 54 ° north latitude. Affected by the warm Atlantic current, it has a temperate marine climate with warm winters and cool summers. The average temperature in the coastal areas of the Netherlands is 16 ℃ in summer and 3 ℃ in winter. The average temperature in inland areas is 17 ℃ in summer and 2 ℃ in winter. The temperature from June to August is 21-26 ℃. Winter is rainy and windy, with an average temperature of 1.7 ℃ in January. The lowest temperature recorded in Dutch history is - 27.8 ℃, and the highest temperature reaches 38.6 ℃. The annual rainfall in the Netherlands is about 760 millimeters. Rainfall is basically evenly distributed throughout the four seasons. The monthly average rainfall from January to June is 40-60mm, and the monthly average rainfall from July to December is 60-80mm. The average number of sunny days per month in the Netherlands is the highest in May, about 220 hours, and the lowest in December, about 39 hours.
Distribution of water system
The territory is crisscrossed by rivers, mainly the Rhine River and the Maas River. On the northwest coast lies Lake Ethel.
time zone
The Netherlands belongs to Dongyi District, and local time is 7 hours later than Beijing time. From March to October each year, daylight saving time is implemented, with the clock adjusted one hour faster, and the local time is 6 hours later than Beijing time
