Estonia
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2023-04-20 14:14:49
Estonia
Estonia
The Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik, English: Republic of Estonia), referred to as Estonia, is located on the east coast of the Baltic Sea, bordering Russia in the east, Latvia in the south, the Gulf of Gulf of Finland in the north, facing Finland across the sea, bordering Riga Bay in the southwest, with a boundary line of 1445 kilometers, a coastline of 3794 kilometers, and a land area of 45339 square kilometers. It belongs to a marine climate, with an average temperature of -5.2 ℃ in winter, 17.7 ℃ in summer, and an average annual precipitation of 500-700 millimeters. The country is divided into 15 provinces, with 254 towns of different sizes, and the capital is Tallinn. As of January 2022, Estonia has a population of 1.33 million. The main ethnic groups are Estonian, Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian，sports fitness .
The Estonian people were formed in the 12th to 13th centuries. It was successively occupied and ruled by Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Germany, Tsarist Russia, and the Soviet Union. On February 24, 1918, Estonia declared its independence from Tsarist rule and established the Republic of Estonia. In November of the same year, Soviet Russia declared sovereignty over love. During this period, Ai carried out a persistent armed struggle for national independence. In February 1920, Soviet Russia recognized love for independence. In June 1940, the former Soviet Union sent troops to Estonia and established the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic in July of the same year. On August 20, 1991, Ai broke away from the former Soviet Union and declared the restoration of independence. On September 17th of the same year, the United Nations announced the acceptance of Love as a member state. Love joined NATO on March 29, 2004, the European Union on May 1, 2007, the Schengen Area on December 21, 2007, and the euro area on January 1, 2011.
In 2021, the economy showed a trend of recovery and development, with the main economic data as follows: Gross Domestic Product: 25.66 billion euros. Per capita GDP: 19269 euros. Gross domestic product growth rate: 4.3%.
Chinese name: Republic of Estonia, foreign name: Republic of Estonia, short name: Tartu, Narva, Vilyandi, the main city of Tallinn, the European capital of Estonia's continent, etc. National Day: February 24, 1918 (Independence Day), national anthem: My Land, My Joy, country code EST official language, Estonian currency, euro time zone, UTC+2 political system, parliamentary system, national leader of republic, Alar Karis (President) Kaya Karas (Prime Minister) has a population of 1.33 million (as of January 2022), a population density of 29.33 people/km2 (as of January 2022), a major ethnic group, Estonians, a major religion, Christianity, Lutheranism, and a land area of 45227 km ² Water area ratio 4.56% GDP total 8 billion euros (the first quarter of 2022) GDP per capita 19269 euros (2021) international call area code 372 international domain name abbreviation. ee Road traffic right driving national bird family Yan national flower cornflower national tree oak tree largest city Tallinn main universities Tartu University, Tallinn University
Historical evolution
Early History
The Estonian nation was formed in the 12th to 13th centuries. It was successively occupied and ruled by Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Germany, and others.
Starting from 1710, Estonia was ruled by the Russian Empire for over 200 years. On February 24, 1918, it declared independence and established the Republic of Estonia. The next day, the German army occupied Tallinn. In November of the same year, Soviet Russia declared sovereignty over Estonia.
First Independence
On February 25, 1918, in the later stages of World War I, German residents of Estonia launched a rebellion under the leadership of Baron Drenshansen, requesting the German army to enter Estonia. According to the Brest Litovsk Peace Treaty (Brest Contract for short) signed between the Soviet Russia (Soviet Russia) and the German Empire on March 3, 1918, the Soviet Russia ceded Finland, Estonia (Estonia), Livland (Latvia), Lithuania and Ukraine to Germany, and the Soviet Russian army and the Russian Red Guards withdrew from these territories. Afterwards, Germany attempted to establish a Baltic United Duchy under the German Empire in Estonia and Latvia, which had been ceded by the Soviet Union, with Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg as its head of state.
In November 1918, Germany broke out with the November Revolution and subsequently declared surrender on November 11th. The Soviet Union took the opportunity to announce the abrogation of the Brest Peace Treaty and tried to recover the territory ceded to Germany. In this situation, Estonia declared independence on November 28, 1918, and the German residents of the country formed a volunteer army to resist the attacks of the Soviet Red Army and Red Guards along with the newly formed Estonian army.
On February 1, 1919, German General R ü diger von der Goltz, who had led troops to participate in the Finnish Civil War, led the "Freekorps" composed of German soldiers to Estonia to aid in the war, ultimately leading the Soviet government to sign the Treaty of Tartu with Estonia on February 2, 1920, The Soviet Union "unreservedly recognized the independence of Estonia and automatically and forever gave up Russia's sovereign rights... over the people and territory of Estonia".
In February 1920, Soviet Russia recognized Estonia's independence. In August 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed a secret treaty, which included Estonia within the Soviet sphere of influence.
Estonia
Annexation by the Soviet Union
The territorial changes of Estonia after its annexation by the Soviet Union
On August 23, 1939, Nazi German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov signed the Soviet German Non Aggression Treaty.
According to this secret attachment, the Soviet Union began negotiations with Estonia on September 25th and signed a treaty with Estonia on September 28th, obtaining the right to occupy certain ports and military facilities during the war and to stationed troops in the relevant areas.
On June 16, 1940, the Soviet Union made a request to Estonia to "ensure the implementation of mutual assistance treaties and prevent anti Soviet provocations". Subsequently, it sent troops to occupy the entire territory of Estonia, arrested government officials, abolished the constitution, and established a Communist government. In July of the same year, the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was established. On August 1st of the same year, Estonia was incorporated into the Soviet Union through a "referendum" and became one of the Soviet republics. The occupation and annexation of the Soviet Union were not recognized by the United States and Western countries, and the United States also froze the gold stored in various Estonian banks in the United States.
On June 22, 1941, the German army invaded the Soviet Union, and three weeks later, the German army occupied the entire territory of Estonia. The Estonians regarded the German army as a "liberator" and cooperated with it. They also set up an Estonian division in the Waffen SS. When the German army withdrew from Estonia in September 1944, the former Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia, Jori Ullotes, announced that he would become President (the former President, Konstantin Patz, had been arrested by the Soviet Union in 1940), and formed the government in exile in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, which lasted until 1992. During World War II, Estonia lost 220000 people, equivalent to one fifth of its pre war population, and 80000 people fled to the West.
Due to the cooperation between Estonians and Germany, they were severely punished by the Soviet Union in the late Second World War. The Soviet Red Army bombed cities such as Tallinn and Narva, causing a large number of civilian casualties. After the Soviet Union reoccupied Estonia, large-scale arrests and executions were also carried out. The Estonian guerrilla group 'Forest Brothers', which resisted Soviet occupation, fought until 1948 (similar guerrilla groups in Lithuania and Western Ukraine fought until the 1950s), and the last guerrilla member was only arrested in 1978. In order to punish the cooperation of the Estonians, the Soviet Union also adjusted the borders of the joined republic and transferred part of its territory to Russia.
From May 1949, the Soviet Union began to exile Estonians to Siberia and moved into Russia to change the population composition of the Republic. By 1952, the proportion of Estonians in the Republic had dropped from 90% in 1941 to 48%.
After Stalin's death, the Soviet Union relaxed its control over Estonia. Since the late 1950s, Estonians have been allowed to contact with foreign countries. In 1960, the ferry from Tallinn to Helsinki was opened. You can freely watch Finnish TV programs in Estonia. In the Gorbachev era, the control over Estonia was further relaxed, and political groups and parties with different political opinions began to appear in the country, such as the Estonian People's Front, the Green Party, the Estonian National Independence Party, etc.
On November 16, 1988, the Estonian Supreme Soviet passed the declaration that the Republic enjoyed sovereignty independent of the Soviet Union. In January 1989, it passed the decree making Estonian language the official language. On February 24 of the same year, it restored the blue, black and white national flag of the First Republic. In August and November, it passed new election laws.
Second independence
Estonian scenery
On February 24, 1990, Estonian citizens elected an Estonian assembly consisting of 464 members (including 35 representatives of Estonians exiled after 1940). The new Estonian Supreme Soviet, elected in March of the same year, announced the restoration of Estonian sovereignty and entered a "transitional period" before independence. In May of that year, the Supreme Soviet announced the restoration of the name of the "Republic of Estonia" and stipulated that only laws approved by the Soviet could be implemented in Estonia.
On August 19, 1991, the Soviet Union experienced the 1989 Incident, and Estonia declared independence on August 20. The President of the Supreme Soviet, Arnold Rutter, instructed the visiting Foreign Minister to stay in Finland until he received special instructions from the government, so as to establish a government in exile when necessary. On August 26th, the Russian Federation issued a statement recognizing the independence demands of the three Baltic countries and other participating republics, and specifically stating that Russia waives the right of the three countries to request border modifications.
After the failure of the 1989 Incident, the first meeting of the Soviet State Council decided on September 6, 1991 to recognize the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and entrusted the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs to issue a statement supporting the accession of these three republics to the United Nations and their equal membership in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
On August 20, 1991, Estonia seceded from the Soviet Union and declared its restoration of independence. On September 17th, the United Nations announced the admission of Estonia as a member state.
All Russian troops on Estonian territory withdrew in 1994, and Estonia joined the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2004. It became a member of the Schengen Convention on December 21, 2007. Joined the eurozone on January 1, 2011.
On June 7, 2019, the United Nations General Assembly elected Estonia, Niger, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tunisia, and Vietnam as non-permanent members of the Security Council for 2020 and 2021
