Czech Republic
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2023-04-18 14:54:26
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
The synonym Czech Republic (Czech Republic) generally refers to the Czech Republic (Czech Republic)
Czech Republic (Czech: Č eská republika； The Czech Republic, abbreviated as "Czech Republic", is located in central Europe. It is bordered by Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, Germany to the west, and Poland to the north, with a land area of 78900 square kilometers. It belongs to north temperate zone, with typical temperate continental climate. The four seasons are distinct, with an average temperature of about 18.5 ℃ in summer and minus 3 ℃ in winter. The climate is humid, with an average annual precipitation of 683 millimeters. The country is divided into 14 state level units, including 13 states and the capital city of Prague. Each state has its own cities and towns. In 2021, there will be a population of 10.7 million， sports fitness .
In the 6th century AD, the Slavs began to settle here, establishing the Principality of Bohemia in 870 and becoming a vassal state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1002 onwards. In 1198, he was elevated to the Kingdom of Bohemia by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its capital, Prague, was the center of the Holy Roman Empire in the late 14th century. In 1419-1437, the Jos é movement against the Holy See and German nobility broke out in the Czech region. In 1620, it was annexed by the Habsburg dynasty in Austria until the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire after World War I. On October 28, 1918, it established Czechoslovakia in alliance with Slovakia. In 1960, it was renamed as the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and in 1989, the Czechoslovak Federal Republic was established. On January 1, 1993, it peacefully separated from Slovakia and became an independent sovereign state.
Czech Republic is a developed capitalist country that joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. In 2006, it was listed as a developed country by the World Bank. The main economic data for 2021 are as follows: Gross Domestic Product: 282.3 billion US dollars. Per capita gross domestic product: approximately 26900 US dollars. Gross domestic product growth rate: 3.3%.
Chinese name Czech Republic foreign name Č Esk á republika (Czech)
The Czech Republic (English) is abbreviated to the national anthem "Where is my hometown" on October 28, the main cities of Prague, the European capital of the Czech continent, such as Brno, Ostrava, Bilson and Karlovifari. country code CZE official language Czech currency Czech koruna time zone UTC+1 political system parliamentary republic national leader Peter Pavel (President) Peter Fiara (Prime Minister), population 10.7 million (2021), population density 138.6 people/km2, main ethnic groups, Czechs, main religion, Catholicism, land area 78900 km ² Water area ratio 2% GDP total 282.3 billion US dollars (2021) GDP per capita about 26900 US dollars (2021) international call area code 420 international domain name abbreviation. cz Road traffic drive right country flower rose country stone Opojini coefficient 0.26 The largest city Prague automobile enterprise Skoda (has been incorporated into Volkswagen) national motto truth must win! (Czech: Pravda v í t ě zí！) Major universities include Charles University and Czech Technical University
Historical evolution
The indigenous inhabitants of the Czech Republic were the Celtic Boi people, who were replaced by the Germanic Makomani people in the early AD.
In the 5th to 6th centuries, the Slavs migrated westward to the Czech and Slovak regions.
In 623 AD, the Slovane tribal alliance of the Principality of Samo was formed, becoming the first Slavic kingdom in history.
In 830 AD, the Grand Duchy of Moravia was established.
From the end of the 9th century to the first half of the 10th century, the Great Moravia Empire collapsed, and the Puremes family established the Czech Principality centered on Prague.
In 1086, the King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, conferred the title of King of Bohemia on Czech Duke Vradislav II (Bohemia is a Latin and Germanic term for the Czech Republic), and thereafter the Czech Duchy surrendered to the Holy Roman Empire.
In the second half of the 12th century, the duchy was renamed the Kingdom of Bohemia.
In 1620, the Bohemian (Czech) and Pufalz allied forces failed in the Battle of Baishan, and the Czech Republic was long ruled by the Habsburg dynasty of Austria.
After 1867, it was under the rule of the Austro Hungarian Empire. After the First World War, the Austro Hungarian Empire disintegrated, and the Czech Republic and Slovakia united. On October 28, 1918, the Czechoslovak Republic was established.
In September 1938, Britain, France, Germany and Italy signed the Munich agreement, and Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the Sudetenland region and the southern region bordering Austria to Germany.
In March 1939, Germany occupied the entire territory of Czechoslovakia. The Czech Republic became a protectorate of Germany in Bohemia and Moravia.
In April 1945, the Czechoslovak National Front coalition government, led mainly by the Communist Party, was established; On May 9th, the Prague uprising liberated the entire territory of Czechoslovakia with the help of the Soviet Red Army.
On May 9, 1948, the Czechoslovak People's Democratic Republic was established, and Gothwal was elected as President.
On July 11, 1960, the country was renamed the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and Dubchek was appointed as the First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party and began a series of reforms.
In 1968, Dubcek, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Czech Communist Party, launched the "Prague Spring" reform, which tended to break away from Soviet control. The Soviet army decided to intervene with armed forces; In late June, the Warsaw Pact held military exercises within the Czech Republic, and did not withdraw after the exercises ended; After July, the situation eased somewhat; On the evening of August 3rd, the Warsaw Pact signed a joint statement in Czech Republic, indicating that the crisis seemed to have passed.
At 11:00 p.m. on August 20, Prague Airport received a signal from a Soviet airliner: "Mechanical accident, request for forced landing", but did not refuse. As soon as the plane landed, dozens of Soviet commandos rushed out of the cabin and quickly occupied the airport. A few minutes later, the giant transport planes of the Soviet 24th Air Force Group Army began to land, one per minute. One hour later, a car from the Soviet embassy led the way, and the Soviet Airborne Division headed straight for Prague.
At the same time, General Pavlovsky, the Commander in Chief of the Soviet Army, commanded four Soviet armored divisions, one airborne division, and one East German division to directly attack Prague from Poland. 4 Soviet divisions stationed in Germany and 1 East German division cut off the western border of the Czech Republic. 8 Soviet divisions stationed in Hungary, 2 Hungarian divisions, and a Bulgarian army attacked from the south. 4 Su Bo synthetic army divisions advanced to the north. At the same time, the Soviet army began to fully suppress NATO and the Czech army.
On August 21, 1968, five members of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, namely the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Democratic Germany, mobilized 500000 troops to invade Czechoslovakia.
In April 1969, Hu Sark was appointed as the First Secretary of the Czech Communist Party and became President in 1975.
In November 1989, there was a drastic change in the political situation in Jie; On December 29th, the Citizen Forum took power, and the leader and writer of the "Velvet Revolution", Watslav Havel, was elected as interim president. The Czech Communist Party lost its ruling party status; In March 1990, the country was renamed the Czechoslovak Federal Republic, and in April it was renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic.
In June 1992, the first free elections were held, with the Civic Democratic Party and the Slovak Movement for Democracy ruling in the Czech Republic and Slovakia respectively; In November, the leaders of the two republics negotiated and agreed to the separation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and the Federal Parliament passed the federal dissolution law. In the same year, the federation disintegrated.
On January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic became an independent sovereign state; On January 20th, Vaclav Havel was elected as the President of the Czech Republic.
In June 1996, the Czech Republic held its first parliamentary election after independence. Klaus succeeded the Prime Minister, and Zeman, the chairman of the Social Democratic Party, served as the chairman of the House of Representatives of the Parliament.
On March 26, 2009, due to the impact of the global economic crisis, Czech Prime Minister Topolanek submitted his resignation to President Klaus. Previously, the Czech House of Representatives passed a vote of no confidence in the government on the 24th.
On May 1, 2004, the Czech Republic joined the European Union and became a full member state; Became a member of the Schengen Convention on December 21, 2007.
Czech Republic
On April 30, 2020, the Czech authorities declared February 3 a national day of mourning to pay tribute to Yaroslav Kubela.
On November 8, 2021, the "Together" coalition composed of three parties and the Pirate Party/Mayors' Alliance composed of two parties officially signed a joint governance agreement in the Czech capital Prague.
On May 10, 2022, the United Nations General Assembly elected the Czech Republic as a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council to replace Russia, whose membership was suspended.
geographical environment
Regional location
Czech Map Chinese Version
The Czech Republic borders Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, Poland to the north, and Germany to the west, with a land area of 78900 square kilometers, including 77276 kilometers ²， Water area: 1590km ²。 It consists of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia.
topographic features
Taber City
The Czech Republic is located in a quadrilateral basin with three uplifts, and the land is fertile. There are Kerkonoche Mountain in the north, Shumawa Mountain in the south, and the Czech Moravia Plateau with an average altitude of 500-600 meters in the east and southeast. Most of the areas in the basin are below 500 meters above sea level, including the Rabe River Plain, the Bilson Basin, the Erz foothills basin, and the southern Czech swamp zone. The Voltava River is the longest and flows through Prague. The Elbe River originates from the Rabe River in Czech Republic and is navigable.
Czech topographic map
The valley area in the upper reaches of the Morava River Oder in the east is the zone between the Czech Basin and the Slovak mountains, called the Morava River Oder Corridor, which has been a trade artery between northern Europe and southern Europe since ancient times. The country is characterized by rolling hills, dense forests, and beautiful scenery.
The country is divided into two major geographical regions, one is the Bohemian Highlands located in the western half, and the other is the Carpathian Mountains located in the eastern half, consisting of a series of east-west oriented mountain ranges. The highest point is the Gellahovsky Peak at an altitude of 2655 meters. Within the territory, highlands, hills, and basins alternate. The border is mountainous, with the Snezka Mountains in the Suded Mountains at an altitude of 1602 meters. The lowest elevation within the territory of Elbe River is 115 meters.
Climatic characteristics
The Czech Republic has a temperate climate, which is transitional from marine climate to continental climate. Summer is hot, winter is cold and snowy. July is the hottest and January is the coldest. The average temperature in Prague is 19.5 ℃ in July and -0.5 ℃ in January.
time zone
East Zone 1, 1 hour earlier than Greenwich Time; 7 hours later than Beijing time.
Natural resource editing and broadcasting
The Czech Republic is rich in lignite, hard coal, and uranium deposits, with lignite and hard coal reserves of approximately 13.4 billion tons, ranking third in the world and fifth in Europe, respectively. Oil, natural gas, and iron ore reserves are very small and rely on imports. Other mineral resources include manganese, aluminum, zinc, fluorite, graphite, and kaolin.
There is a large hydropower station built on the Voltava River.
The Czech Republic is rich in forest resources, with a forest area of 2.668 million hectares, accounting for approximately 34% of the total national area and ranking 12th in the European Union. The main tree species include spruce, fir, oak, and beech.
