Croatia
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2023-04-18 13:46:26
Croatia
Croatia
Republic of Rhodia
Croatian President: The United States and NATO launch a proxy war against Russia in Ukraine
The Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska), abbreviated as Croatia, has its capital in Zagreb. Located in central southern Europe, northwest of the Balkan Peninsula. The northwest and north are respectively bordered by Slovenia and Hungary, the east and southeast are adjacent to Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro, and the west and south are bordered by the Adriatic Sea. The total area is 56600 square kilometers, with a coastline of 1880 kilometers. The northern part of the country has a temperate continental climate climate, the central and south central parts have a plateau mountain climate, and the southern and southwest coasts have a Mediterranean climate. There are 20 provinces and 1 provincial-level municipality throughout the country. As of June 2022, the total population is 4.06 million, the main ethnic group is Croatian, the others are Serbs, Italians, etc., a total of 22 ethnic minorities, the official language is Croatian, and the main religion is Catholicism， sports fitness .
In the late 6th and early 7th centuries, Slavs migrated to the Balkan Peninsula to settle. In the 10th century, the Kingdom of Croatia was established. In December 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs Croats Slovenians was established, and in 1929, it was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On November 29, 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was established. In 1963, it was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Croatia became one of the six republics of the Southern Federation. On June 25, 1991, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia.
Croatia is a relatively developed country in the Western Balkans region, with a good economic foundation and a gateway to Central and Southeast Europe. It has well-equipped port facilities, dense road networks, fast land transportation, convenient railway and water transportation, and good social security. The development level of industries such as tourism, construction, shipbuilding, and pharmaceuticals is relatively high. Joined NATO in April 2009 and the European Union in July 2013. In 2021, Croatia's gross domestic product was 57.2 billion euros, with a per capita gross domestic product of 15000 euros.
Population loss
Why has the population of Croatia decreased by 20% within 20 years?
However, the successful development of Croatia's football industry is not without hidden worries, especially the serious negative population growth situation in the country. The negative population growth not only seriously affects the selection of talents for Croatian football, but also hinders the socio-economic development of Croatia details
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The Chinese name is the Republic of Croatia, and the foreign name is The Republic of Croatia. The main cities of Zagreb, the European capital of Croatia, are Split, Rijeka, Osiyek, Zadar, and Slavonia Brod, Pra and others National Day June 25 National Anthem "Our Beautiful Motherland" country code HRV Official Language Croatian Currency Euro [39] Time Zone UTC+1 Political System Parliamentary republic National Leader Zoran Milanovic (President) Andrei Prenkovich (Prime Minister) has a population of 4.06 million (as of June 2022) with a population density of 71.7 people/square kilometer (as of June 2022). The main ethnic group is Croats, and the main religion is Catholicism. The land area is 56600 kilometers ² Water area ratio 1.09% GDP totaled 57.2 billion euros (2021) GDP per capita 15000 euros (2021) international call area code 385 international domain name abbreviation. hr Road traffic Right driving country flower Pelargonium largest city Zagrebkini coefficient 0.29 Land area ranking 124th in the world Major universities University of Zagreb and Rijeka University
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Historical Evolution Editorial Broadcast
Humans have lived in Croatia since prehistoric times, and fossils of Neanderthals in the middle of the Paleolithic Age have been found. During the Iron Age, the ancient Illyrians and Celts also entered in succession. According to archaeologists, in the Paleolithic, there were human beings living in some areas of present-day Croatia. A large number of human living sites have been found in Croatia. For example, incomplete coarse grindstone tools have been found in several caves of different depths. They belong to cultural relics of the late Paleolithic Age, which proves that this was the residence of people in the Paleolithic Age.
In the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Croats established early feudal states.
In the 9th to 10th centuries, Croats developed from tribal alliances into early feudal small states and began to develop towards larger feudal states. The Croatian population is located between Central and Southern Europe, Western and Eastern Europe, with a small portion belonging to Central Europe and the majority belonging to the Balkan Peninsula. The Velebit, Mosor, and Biokov mountains divide Croatia into inland and coastal areas, which are not conducive to the formation of a strong Croatian state. Because the vast mountainous area separates the long jagged waterfront from the vast and fertile plains of Pannonia. In addition, this is also a necessary passage for invaders from east to west and from northeast to southwest. Due to such terrain features, Croatia has developed three geographically and politically separated regions. They are: Dalmatia Croatia, Pannonia or Sava Croatia, Naretva Duchy. Some Croats also reside in Dubrovnik, east of the Principality of Croatia, and on the Istra Peninsula. In the 10th century, the Kingdom of Croatia was established.
In the early decades of the 10th century, the Principality of Croatia reached its peak. It has strong military power on land and sea. During the Tomislav period (910-930), Croatia's territory crossed the boundaries of its mountainous hinterland and occupied the Pannonia Plain. This new territory is included in the territory of the Croatian Principality, which opens the way for the expansion of the Croatian Principality, but at the same time, it also makes the Croatian Kingdom and Hungarians face to face, and urges Croats to expand along the coast.
Petar Kre IV š During the reign of Imir IV (1058-1074), southern cities and islands enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, with priests and nobles enjoying various privileges, and the feudal system developed rapidly. Croatia faces the sea, and commodity production has developed very early. Handicraft production and maritime trade bring abundant profits to the Croatian monarch. Krehemiar IV granted Dalmatia autonomy but charged them a "peace tax". The economic life in cities laid the foundation for trade, handicrafts, and navigation. This has divided urban residents into different social classes, with the wealthy purchasing movable and immovable property and gradually gaining a certain degree of power.
In 1060, Krehimir was crowned king of Croatia and Dalmatia, and Croatia was named the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia, which includes Dalmatia, Bosnia, Slavonia, and the Duchy of Naretva.
In 1074, a Norman expeditionary force captured the cities of Dalmatia and captured the King of Croatia. The opposing sides signed a treaty at the mediation of the Pope, and Croatia ceded Split, Trogir, Biograd, and Nien to the Normans. [15]
At the end of the 11th century, Hungarians invaded northern Croatia. Venice also took the opportunity to occupy some coastal cities. Croatia's territorial integrity was seriously violated, and Dalmatia was also in danger of being occupied by Venice and Byzantium. In order to maintain its territorial integrity, Croatia merged with Hungary through a personal dynasty in 1102 and elected the King of Hungary as the King of Croatia. However, Croatia still maintains its own system, with its own parliament, army, and currency. The internal affairs are under the jurisdiction of the Governor General. There are both members of the Hungarian royal family and Croatian nobility serving as governors, and external relations are controlled by a common king. The special relationship between Croatia and Hungary was rare in Europe at that time, and it lasted until 1860.
In 1463, the Ottoman Empire officially occupied Bosnia, posing a great threat to Croatia. During the Ottoman Venetian War (1463-14791499-1503), the Ottoman army captured Dalmatia and Istra.
In 1493, Croatia engaged in war with the Ottomans in the Krvavsko polje, and the Ottoman army achieved victory despite stubborn resistance. From then on, the Croats began a century long (1493-1593) history of resistance against the Ottomans.
In the battle of Mohachi in 1526, Hungarians was defeated by the Turks, and large areas of Croatian land were occupied by the Turks. The Ottoman army did not completely occupy Croatia, but Croatia's territory was greatly reduced to almost half of its original size.
In the 15th to 16th centuries, many Croats were killed or enslaved, or fled to other lands (Hungary, Austria, Italy). It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century, the population of Croatia had decreased by 1.6 million. The sharp decline in population has had a negative impact on Croatia's economic and cultural development and defense capabilities. In addition, the Ottoman invasion caused large-scale population migration, with many non Croatian people migrating from the interior of the Balkan Peninsula to Croatia along the Ottoman border. These ethnic groups have different languages, religions, and lifestyles from the Croatian people.
By the end of the 16th century, Croatia only had a narrow strip from the Mura River to the northern Adriatic Sea, and all other territories (except Dubrovnik) were occupied by the Ottoman Empire and Venice. The Ottoman Empire did not have a favorable impression on the Croats, believing that they were "members of the Pope," so the situation of Catholic Croats was far inferior to that of Eastern Orthodox and Islamic believers. In this case, some Croatian nobles converted to Islam. Because only in that way can one maintain one's territory and social status. Catholics must pay exorbitant taxes and are forced to send healthy boys to Islamic schools (known as blood taxes). The Croatian people are constantly fighting against foreign occupiers.
In 1510, an uprising broke out in Herval against the dictatorship and colonial rule of Venice. During the same period, the vast majority of farmers were extremely resentful and dissatisfied with the cruel exploitation of feudal lords, and had held multiple riots.
In 1573, the large-scale peasant uprising led by Matia Gubetz in northwestern Croatia echoed the peasant uprising in Slovenia, demanding the abolition of the economic privileges of feudal lords and the recognition of the political rights of farmers. But due to the bloody suppression of the rulers, the uprising suffered a tragic defeat, and Matia Gubetz was captured and burned alive by Ottoman feudal lords in the square of Zagreb, making a heroic sacrifice.
According to the Croatian state edict, Maria Terezija (reigned 1740-1780) ascended to the throne. This move by the parliament is to demonstrate that Croatia is not influenced by Hungary and has the right to make its own choices regarding the election of the king. Theresa and his successor Josip II (1780-1790) began implementing a series of major reforms in many fields of society, implementing centralization and Germanization policies towards non German ethnic groups, including the consolidation of land in Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Croatia into a unified state.
After 1764, the Vienna court thoroughly implemented an authoritarian system in the Hungarian part of Austria, thus the reform also involved the management system of Croatia. Theresa did not convene the Croatian parliament, but instead replaced parliamentary resolutions with government orders. She disregarded the opposition of the Croatian nobility and established the Economic, Political, and Military Kingdom Council in 1767, which was actually the local government of Croatia. The original aristocratic council was marginalized everywhere, and even lost its influence on the collection of taxes and the use of financial funds.
Due to dissatisfaction from the Croatian nobility and representatives of various classes in Hungary, the Kingdom Council was abolished in 1779, and the entire Croatia was under the jurisdiction of the Hungarian Regency Council. In the second half of the 18th century, two national laws had adverse consequences for Croatia's future development. Rijeka and its surrounding areas were returned to Croatia in 1776.
In 1789, the French Revolution broke out, and the impact of the revolution and the danger of Napoleon's outward expansion led the rulers of various European monarchies to unanimously oppose France. One of them was Austrian Emperor Franjo II (1792-1815). The conflict between the French and Austrian emperors continued from 1792 to 1797. The border residents of Croatia participated in the first Austro French War.
In October 1797, Austria and France signed the Campo Formio, which recognized France's occupation of the left bank of the Rhine and Belgium. As compensation, Austria obtained Venice and its coastal territories of Croatia from Istra to Boccakotor, except Dubrovnik (known as the "First Austrian Occupation" from 1797 to 1805).
In March 1848, the position of Croatian Governor General was vacant, and Emperor Ferdinand appointed a 47-year-old colonel officer in the Biantun district, Josip Jelai, who had a deep hatred for Hungary ć） Baron holds this position. Yelachich is a thoroughly 'Illyrian' emotionally. On March 25th, he held a representative meeting in Zagreb for the "Trinity" Kingdom of Croatia Slavonia and Dalmatia. The meeting officially elected Yelachic as the national leader and passed another 30 point declaration of rights. They called for the unification of various regions of Croatia (Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Rijeka), the abolition of the class congress, the election of a new parliament under the new electoral law, and the implementation of a responsible government. This is a national, political, cultural, and economic agenda. Its realization has made it possible for Croatia to transform from feudalism to the modern era.
In 1867, Austria and Hungary concluded an agreement stipulating that the Austro Hungarian Empire would be reorganized from a single state into a binary monarchy. The country has changed from one ruling nation to two, that is, the oligarchy group of two nations established the government. The country's territory is divided into two parts. In this process of great division, Croatia was divided between Austria and Hungary, with Croatia and Slavonia belonging to the Hungarian part; And the parts belonging to Austria include Dalmatia and Istra. Both parts have established their own independent administrative agencies.
In September 1868, the Croatian parliamentary delegation and the Hungarian parliamentary delegation signed the Croatian Hungarian Agreement. This agreement effectively cancelled the decision made in 1848 regarding the separation of Croatia from Hungary. According to the agreement, they form a single state in form, establish a monarch, establish a common ethnic representative agency, and all economic and financial affairs, as well as railways, are jointly managed by both parties. This work is managed by the co management department located in Perth and a specialized branch is established in Croatia. A financial agreement should be concluded every 10 years. Given that tax policies are common, the Hungarian government has been able to embezzle most of Croatia's taxes for a long time. The agreement stipulates that Croatia obtains a certain degree of autonomy.
Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, on December 7, 1914, the Serbian government issued the Nish Declaration, announcing its goal in the war: to defend Serbia from the beginning was to "liberate and unite us"
