Bulgaria ǎ o ji ā lì yà]
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2023-04-14 13:55:04
Bulgaria ǎ o ji ā lì yà]
Bulgaria ǎ o ji ā lì yà]
Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България， The Republic of Bulgaria, abbreviated as Bulgaria. It is a country in the southeast of the Balkan Peninsula in the southeast of Europe, bordering Romania, Serbia, Northern Macedonia, Greece and Türkiye, and bordering the Black Sea in the east. The land area is 111000 square kilometers. Bulgaria has a total of 28 regions and 265 cities, with Sofia as its capital. In 2021, Bulgaria will have a population of 6.83 million.
Thrace people are the oldest inhabitants of Bulgaria. In 681, Thrace people, Slavs and ancient Bulgarians established the Slavic Kingdom of Bulgarians in the Danube River basin, known as the First Bulgarian Empire in history. In 1018, it was occupied by the Byzantine Empire. The Bulgarian Second Empire was established in 1185. In 1396, it was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. In 1878, independence was restored and the Kingdom of Bulgaria was rebuilt. The People's Republic of Bulgaria was founded in 1946. During the drastic changes in Eastern Europe in 1989, the Bulgarian regime changed to a multi-party parliamentary democracy. On November 15, 1990, the country was renamed the Republic of Bulgaria. I joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2004 and the European Union in 2007， sports fitness .
The main economic data of Bulgaria in 2021 are as follows: GDP: 67.9 billion euros, per capita GDP: 9800 euros, and GDP growth rate: 9%.
The Republic of Bulgaria, Pleven and others National Day March 3 National Anthem "Dear Parents State" country code BGR Official Language Bulgarian Currency Lev Time Zone UTC+2 Political System Parliamentary republic National Leader Lumen Radev (President), Boyko Borisov (Prime Minister), Iliana Yotova（ Илияна ЙОТОВА） Population: 6.83 million (2021) Population density: 64.0 people/km2 (2020) Main ethnic groups: Bulgarians, Turks, main religions: Orthodox Church, land area: 111000 km ² Water area ratio 0.3% GDP total 67.9 billion euros (2021) GDP per capita 9800 euros
Historical evolution
Bulgaria was ruled by the Alexander Empire and the Roman Empire in its history.
In the 6th century, the Slavic people came to the area and collaborated with Asparuk（ Аспарух） Under the leadership of Khan, the Turkic speaking Bogar people who migrated from the north coast of the Black Sea to the North Caucasus in Mesia merged to produce Bulgarians.
Bulgarian natural scenery
In 1018, the First Kingdom of Bulgaria perished.
From 1018 to 1185 AD, Bulgaria was basically under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire. Although Bulgaria held uprisings in 1040, 1071, and 1084, they all ended in failure. After the conquest of the First Bulgarian Kingdom by the Eastern Roman Empire, the military district system was replicated to Bulgaria. The Byzantines divided Bulgaria into the Bulgarian Military Region, the Paristron Military Region (Paradonaon Military Region), the Semium Military Region, and the Dalmatian Military Region. At the same time, the Eastern Roman Empire changed Bulgaria's original physical taxes into currency, and military salaries in various military regions were directly provided by local governments.
In 1185, the Bulgarians took advantage of the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Turkmen, and successfully established the Second Kingdom of Bulgarians.
In 1397, the Second Kingdom was annexed by the Ottoman Empire and began its rule for 500 years.
In 1877, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire of Türkiye, and Türkiye was defeated. The next year, after the end of the Russo Turkish War in February 1878, Bulgaria gained independence from Türkiye and once achieved reunification. However, due to the exhaustion of Russia caused by the war, it was unable to withstand the pressure of Western powers such as Britain, Germany, and the Austro Hungarian Empire. According to the Treaty of Berlin signed on July 13, 1878, Bulgaria was divided into three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria in the north, East Rumilia in the south, and Macedonia.
On September 6, 1885, when the Bulgarian people's national democratic movement for reunification reached its climax, Bulgaria realized the unification of the north and south of the northern kingdom of Rumilia (the motto on the Bulgarian national emblem came from this, "unification (consolidation) creates power"). Bulgaria followed Germany in two world wars and became a defeated country. In World War I, it formed military alliances with Germany, the Austro Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. In the Second World War, the reactionary ruling group led by King Boris III joined the German, Italian, and Japanese fascist groups in March 1941.
In September 1944, the Soviet Red Army entered Bulgaria. The Bulgarian people held an armed uprising under the leadership of the Communist Party. With the help of the Soviet Red Army, they overthrew the fascist regime and established the motherland front government. Georgi Dimitrov, the famous leader of the Communist International among Chinese, became the leader of the country.
In September 1946, the abolition of the monarchy was announced, and King Simeon II of that time was forced to flee to Spain. The People's Republic of Bulgaria was announced on September 15, 1946, and the Communist Party of Bulgaria has been in power for a long time since then.
In 1989, the political situation began to undergo significant changes.
In 1990, the Communist Party of China decided to implement a multi-party system and a market economy, and later renamed the Bulgarian Socialist Party. In November, the National Assembly decided to change the country's name to "Republic of Bulgaria".
On February 27, 1990, the National Assembly passed a decision to designate March 3 as National Day to commemorate the liberation from Ottoman rule. On November 15, 1990, the country was renamed the Republic of Bulgaria.
On March 29, 2004, he joined NATO.
On May 11, 2005, the Bulgarian Parliament voted to approve Bulgaria's treaty of accession to the European Union.
geographical environment
Regional location
Provinces of Bulgaria
Bulgaria is located in the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. It borders Romania in the north (the Danube as the border), Türkiye in the southeast and Greece in the southwest, Serbia (a member of the former Yugoslavia) in the northwest, North Macedonia (a member of the former Yugoslavia) in the southwest, and the Black Sea in the east. The area is 11.1 square kilometers, with a coastline of 378 kilometers. The Danube River is the boundary river between Bulgaria and Romania. The Balkan Mountains (meaning "mountainous place" and "old mountain" in Bulgaria) divide Bulgaria into the Danube Plain in the north and the Thrace lowlands in the south.
topographic features
Within the territory, lowlands, hills, and mountainous areas each account for approximately one-third. In the southwest is the Rhodope Mountains, where the Musala Peak is 2925m high, which is the highest point of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula. Bulgaria has an average elevation of 470 meters. The Balkan Mountains cross the central region, with the vast Danube River Plain to the north and the Lowlands of the Rodopi Mountains and Maricha River Valley to the south. The main mountain ranges are also the Lira Mountains.
The natural conditions are superior, with various terrains such as mountains, hills, plains, and lakes and rivers crisscrossing.
Climatic characteristics
Bulgaria has a temperate continental climate. The eastern part is affected by the Black Sea (which means "bad sea" due to frequent storms in winter), and the southern part is affected by the Mediterranean. The temperature ranges from -2 ℃ to 2 ℃ in January (from mountainous to -10 ℃) and from 19 ℃ to 25 ℃ in July (about 10 ℃ in mountainous areas). The average annual rainfall ranges from 450 to 600 millimeters (up to 1300 millimeters in mountainous areas). Continental climate in the north, Mediterranean climate in the south, warmer in winter. The average temperature in January is -2 ℃~2 ℃, and in July it is 23 ℃~25 ℃. The average annual precipitation is 450 millimeters in plain areas and 1300 millimeters in mountainous areas.
Water system distribution
Iskur River (also known as Isker or Iskar, Latin for Oescus) is a river in western Bulgaria, a right tributary of the Danube River. It is 368 kilometers long and the longest river in Bulgaria.
The main rivers are the Danube and Maricha rivers: the Danube River flows through the northern border, and its tributary, the Iskel River, runs through the northwest. In the south, there is the Maritsa River (English: Maritsa, Bulgarian: Марица， Ancient Greek: Ἕ βρος， Modern Greek: Evros, Latin: Hebrus, Turkish: Meri ç). The river is 480 kilometers long and is the longest river in the Balkan Peninsula. One of its largest tributaries is the Denza River Тунджа， Turkish: Tunca, Greek: Τόνζος）。
natural resources
Natural resources are scarce. The main mineral deposits include coal, lead, zinc, copper, iron, uranium, manganese, chromium, mineral salts, and a small amount of petroleum. The forest area is about 4.12 million hectares, accounting for approximately 33% of the protected land area.
administrative division
Zoning
Bulgaria has a total of 28 regions and 265 cities. The 28 regions are: Pragjevgrad region, Burgas region, Varna region, Great Ternovo region, Vitin region, Fracha region, Gabrovo region, Dobridge region, Keljali region, Chustendir region, Lovich region, Montana region, Pazarjik region, Bernick region, Pleven region, Provdiv region, Lazgrad region, Russe region Silistra Region, Sliven Region, Smoliang Region, Sofia Region, Sofia Region, Old Zagola Region, Tergovesh Region, Haskovo Region, Shumen Region, Yambor Region.
capital
Sofia, the capital city
Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, is a national political, economic, and cultural center located in western Bulgaria, in the southern part of the Sofia Basin surrounded by mountains. It is the largest city in China, spanning the Iskel River and its tributaries, with an area of 167 square kilometers and a population of 1.307 million people (as of 2021). Formerly known as "Seldika". Sofia is also a tourist resort and a world-famous garden city.
Seaport city
Valna, an important sea port in Bulgaria
Varna: Located on the west coast of the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Danube River and the Bosporus Strait, with an important geographical location, it is a link connecting Europe and Asia, responsible for over 50% of the country's maritime trade, and has direct freight routes to Europe, Central Asia, and Africa. At the same time, there are passenger liners connecting countries such as Russia, Georgia, and Ukraine. Varna has Bulgaria's second largest airport and regular and charter flights to 101 cities in 35 countries around the world. Varna City holds an important position in Bulgaria's economy and is the center of technology, culture, and industry in Bulgaria.
Burgas: an important seaport in eastern Bulgaria, capital of Burgas state. It is close to Burgas Bay of the Black Sea. Built in the 18th century. At the end of the 19th century, it emerged with the construction of the railway connecting Sofia to the west. The port is modernized with a large throughput, and new oil and fishing ports have been built. Fishery Center. Petrochemical Industry City, processing imported crude oil, producing liquid fuels and many important chemical products. There are also industries such as carriage manufacturing, cables, and canned fish. The suburbs are rich in iron and copper. There is an international airport on the outskirts of the city. There are coastal parks, bathhouses, and rest areas.
National symbols
national flag
Flag of Bulgaria
The Bulgarian flag is rectangular in shape, with a length to width ratio of 5:3. The flag surface is composed of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, white, green, and red, from top to bottom. White symbolizes the people's love for peace and freedom, green symbolizes agriculture and the main wealth of the country, and red symbolizes the blood of warriors. White and red are the traditional colors of the ancient Bohemian kingdom. This national flag was adopted on September 22, 1990, and the original tricolour flag was adopted in 1878.
national emblem
Bulgarian national emblem
The Bulgarian national emblem is a golden lion standing upright on a shield with a deep red background, and the other two golden lions are separated on both sides of the shield. On the shield is a crown with five crosses painted on it. The lion symbolizes sovereignty and represents the struggle against the Ottoman Turks in 1876. The coat of arms bears a crown similar to that of the monarch of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom in the 14th century; The bottom is decorated with oak leaves; The text on the ribbon reads' Union is power '.
national anthem
Dear Motherland "(written and composed by Zwittan Radoslavov, 1863-1931)
The lyrics are as follows:
The Balkan Mountains soar into the sky, the blue Danube waves surge, the red sun shines on Thrace, and the forest emerges in the purple glow.
(Chorus) Dear parents Bang, you are a paradise on earth, your radiance, your beauty, always shining.
knight
Rock Carving Art - Madara Knight
On the evening of June 29, 2008, Bulgaria held a "National Symbol" selection conference, and the country's rock carving art work "Madara Knight" was elected as a national symbol. The image of "Madala Knight" is: a brave knight raises a long spear and stabs a lion in front of the horse, with a falcon hovering over his head and a hunting dog following behind him. The work, 2.6 meters high and 3.1 meters wide, is carved on a rock 23 meters high from the ground, symbolizing the historical process of the ancient Bulgarians defeating the enemy and creating the Kingdom of Bulgarians.
population
In 2021, Bulgaria will have a population of 6.83 million. Bulgarians account for 84%, Türkiye accounts for 9%, Roma accounts for 5%, Macedonians and Armenians account for 2%.
The majority of overseas Chinese residing in Bulgaria come from Zhejiang Province, some from Fujian Province and the three northeastern provinces, and a few from Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Hebei. They mainly reside in the Bulgarian capital Sofia. There are about 2500 overseas Chinese who hold the right of abode, some of whom are not staying permanently and only come to take care of their business or extend the validity of their residence permits when needed.
Politics
political situation
In the general election on June 17, 2001, the newly organized "Simeon II National Movement" received 42.7% of the vote. Its leader, the last king of Bulgaria, Simeon Saxcoburgtsky, announced that he would significantly improve the living standards of the people within 800 days, by raising wages and lowering tax rates. In addition, many people hope that his choice can attract foreign investment.
On March 29, 2004, Bulgaria joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Bulgaria is in negotiations with the European Union for accession, hoping to join the European Union in 2007. The EU approved its accession to the EU in January 2007 in September 2006. On January 1, 2007, it officially joined the European Union. In February 2012, Bulgaria joined the Schengen Area.
In November 2016, the presidential election was held and the candidate elected by the Socialist Party, Radoff, won. Borisov, the chairman of the KMT, said that he was responsible for the failure in the presidential election and resigned as Prime Minister. On January 25, 2017, President Radoff signed a presidential decree announcing the dissolution of the 43rd National Assembly on January 27, the appointment of a caretaker government, and the holding of early parliamentary elections on March 26. The Civic Party won the general election. On April 19th, the 44th National Assembly was established, and on May 4th, the Civic Party and the "Uniting Patriots" jointly formed a new government, with the Civic Party as the main leader
