Colombia ē lún b ǐ yà]
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2023-04-14 13:50:17
Colombia ē lún b ǐ yà]
Colombia ē lún b ǐ yà]
The Republic of Colombia (Spanish: Rep ú blica de Colombia), abbreviated as "Colombia", is a land and sea country located in the northern part of South America. It borders Venezuela and Brazil to the east, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Panama to the northwest, and the Caribbean Sea to the north. The country covers an area of 1141748 square kilometers and is divided into 32 provinces and the capital district of Bogota, with the capital being Bogota. In 2021, Colombia had a total population of 51.05 million, ranking third in Latin America. The forest area of Colombia is approximately 59.31 million hectares, accounting for 51.9% of the national territory. The main mineral deposits include emerald, oil, natural gas, coal, gold, nickel, etc. The reserves of emeralds rank first in the world.
The Republic of Colombia was originally a settlement of Native Americans and became a Spanish colony in 1536. On July 20, 1810, the Republic of Colombia declared independence and was subsequently suppressed. In 1819, the Republic of Colombia was liberated again. In 1821, Colombia formed the Republic of Greater Colombia with present-day Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama, which later disintegrated in 1830. In 1831, the Republic of Colombia was renamed the Republic of New Granada. In 1861, the Republic of New Granada was renamed the United States of Colombia. In 1886, the United States of Colombia was renamed the Republic of Colombia， sports fitness .
Colombia has a moderate level of development in Latin America and a high degree of marketization. In 2021, the gross domestic product of Costa Rica was 314.27 billion US dollars, with a per capita gross domestic product of 6156 US dollars, an economic growth rate of 10.6%, inflation rate of 5.6%, unemployment rate of 13.7%, poverty rate of 39.3%, and Gini coefficient of 0.523.
In October 2022, according to a report by Effe News Agency on the 28th, the Colombian government will announce next week that the country has entered a "natural disaster" state to cope with the crisis caused by precipitation and floods.
The Republic of Colombia (English)
Rep ú blica de Colombia (Spanish), abbreviated as the capital of Bogota in South America, is a state under the jurisdiction of Colombia. The main cities of Bogota are Medellin, Cali, Barankia, and Buccalamanga, Cartagena and other National Day July 20 (Independence Day) The national anthem "The Eternal Glory" country code COL official language Spanish currency Colombian peso time zone UTC-5 political system presidential system republic national leader Gustavo Francisco Petro Urego (President) has a population of 51.05 million (by 2021) Population density 45.9 people/square kilometers (2020) Major ethnic groups Indo European mixed race, white Black and white mixed race people, main religion, Catholic Church, with a land area of 1141748 kilometers ² Water area ratio 8.8% GDP totaled 314.27 billion US dollars (2021) GDP per capita 6156 US dollars (2021) international call area code 57 Abbreviation of international domain name. co Road traffic Keep right
Historical evolution
Pre colonial period
Around 10000 BC, there was a hunting gathering society near Bogota today. Around 1000 years ago, Native Americans in the Americas created a political system with a pyramid shaped structure and a leader at the top. In the region of present-day Colombia, two civilizations adopted this political system at that time. One is Tayronas in the Caribbean region, and the other is Muisca near Bogota, which can also be translated as the Chibcha tribe. Muhika, also known as the indigenous people of the Republic of Colombia - the Chibcha Native Americans, use wooden and stone tools to grow crops such as corn and cassava, and weave cotton cloth. Muhika is also a famous gold mining area in ancient South America, and the Chibcha people have a high level of gold decorative art.
Colonial period
European colonizers arrive in Colombia
In 1501, the Spanish Bassidas first arrived on the northern coast of Colombia and established Santa Marta in 1525. In 1533, Heredia founded Cartagena. In 1535, Shimennis de Quesada led the Spanish colonial army into the interior of Colombia, defeated the Chibcha people, and established Bogota in 1536, from which Colombia became a Spanish colony. The Western Columbia colony was initially under the jurisdiction of the Governor General of Peru, and in 1718, after the Spanish royal family established the Governor General of New Granada in Bogota, it was directly under his rule. Under Spanish colonial rule in Colombia, Native Americans were brutally exploited, and indigenous white people were also subjected to various forms of oppression. Native Americans constantly launched uprisings, and indigenous white people also held national uprisings such as the New Granada Citizen Uprising in 1781.
After the news of Napoleon I's invasion of Spain in 1808 spread to Colombia, the Colombian people immediately launched an independence movement. On July 20, 1810, a large-scale uprising broke out in Bogota against Spanish colonial rule, arresting the Governor of New Granada and declaring Colombia independent. In November 1811, representatives from various parts of Colombia organized a parliament in Bogota and established the New Granada United Provincial Government, which declared independence on November 11. However, Kundinamaka did not recognize the New Granada United Provincial Government. At the end of 1812, a civil war broke out in Colombia during the debate over the formation of a political system. In 1814, Colombia once again erupted into civil war. In 1815, the Spanish Expeditionary Force arrived in the United Province of New Grenada and overthrew the government of the province. In May 1816, the Royalist Party took control of the entire New Grenada. On August 7, 1819, S. Bolivar led the uprising army to defeat the Spanish colonial army in the Battle of Boyaca. On August 10, he captured Bogota, ending Spain's colonial rule.
Republic of Greater Colombia
Schematic diagram of the composition of the Republic of Greater Colombia
In 1815, Bolivar envisioned in his "Jamaica Letter" that when South America was liberated from Spanish colonial rule, New Granada and Venezuela should form a country called "Greater Colombia". On August 7, 1819, the Patriotic Army led by Bolivar defeated the Spanish colonial army in the Battle of Boyaca and liberated Bogota on August 10. By then, most of New Granada and Venezuela had been liberated. Bolivar, with the consent of the patriotic army and people of New Granada, proposed in the Venezuelan Parliament held in Angustula in December 1819 that Venezuela and New Granada form a united country. On December 17, 1819, the Venezuelan parliament passed this resolution, establishing the Republic of Colombia, which united these two regions. In May 1821, the Republic of Greater Colombia held a constitutional assembly in the temporary capital city of Kukuta. On August 20, 1821, the conference passed and promulgated the first constitution of the Republic of Greater Colombia. The Constitution stipulates that the Republic of Colombia implements a centralized republican system of government; Abolish slavery, liberate slaves and their children, and prohibit the sale of slaves; Stipulate that citizens have equal rights and freedom of speech and publication; The conference elected Bolivar as the first President of the Republic of Colombia and Santander as the first Vice President. In May 1822, General Sucre of the Bolivarian faction led his army to liberate Quito in Ecuador, and subsequently Ecuador announced its accession to the Republic of Colombia.
In 1823, Bolivar, at the request of Peruvian patriots and with the approval of the Colombian Congress, led the Colombian army into Peru to fight against the Spanish colonial army. In 1824, the coalition forces of Colombia and Peru defeated the Spanish colonial army, and Peru declared independence. During Bolivar's military campaign in Peru, Santander took over the presidency and presided over the government of Colombia; Santander advocated the establishment of a federation regime, and united local forces against Bolivar's political idea of unity. In April 1826, the Venezuelan local rulers led by Pais and the opposition to the new Granada rulers led by Santander demanded the establishment of a separate state. On May 8, 1828, the National Congress of Greater Colombia was held in Ocania. The centralized faction led by Bolivar and the federal faction represented by Santander clashed sharply during the meeting. In November 1829, Venezuela issued a statement withdrawing from the Republic of Greater Colombia. In January 1830, Bolivar resigned from his presidency in parliament in order to resolve differences and maintain national unity, but to no avail. On May 31, 1830, the Quito region announced its withdrawal from Colombia and established the Republic of Ecuador. On December 17, 1830, Bolivar passed away, followed by the dissolution of the Republic of Greater Colombia.
Republic of New Granada
In 1831, the Republic of New Granada was established in Colombia and Panama. From 1832 to 1837, Santander served as the first President of the Republic, implementing the Cordelian dictatorship, known as Cordelianism. Later, the Conservative Party of Colombian Liberal Party and the Liberal Party of Colombia competed for power and profit. Civil wars were frequent and the political situation was unstable for a long time. During the Liberal Party's reign from 1849 to 1884 (with the Conservative Party ruling from 1857 to 1860), several reforms were carried out: the abolition of slavery and government monopoly; Cancel the privileges of priests and confiscate church property; Formulate a constitution that stipulates the separation of religion and state, and proclaim freedom of belief, speech, and publication among the people.
Estados Unidos de Colombia
In 1861, the Republic of New Granada was renamed the United States of Colombia. In 1884, during the general election of the United States of Colombia, the Colombian Liberal Party split, and Nunes, the candidate of the Colombian Conservative Party, was elected president. The Conservative government, in order to consolidate the dictatorship of the Colombian Grand Landlord and restore the power of the Catholic Church, formulated a constitution in 1886, declared Catholicism the national religion, strengthened the power of the President, and renamed the country the Republic of Colombia.
The Republic of Colombia
After the establishment of the Republic of Colombia, the Conservative government brutally persecuted dissidents and suppressed the masses. From 1899 to 1902, the so-called "Thousand Day War" broke out between the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party, causing serious damage to the national economy. In November 1903, the United States instigated Panama's independence from Colombia, while the United States and Britain invested heavily in Colombia's oil, railways, and coffee and banana plantations, plundering Colombia's wealth. After the outbreak of the capitalist world economic crisis in 1929, Colombia's coffee and oil exports decreased, making people's lives even more difficult. In July 1930, the Communist Party of Colombia was established. In the same year, Olaya Herrera, a member of the Colombian Liberal Party, was elected President. After the Liberal Party came to power again, it implemented some reforms under the pressure of the people. During Lopez Pumarejo's first administration, he amended the Constitution in 1936: clarifying the principle of separation of powers and implementing direct elections; Abolish the Catholic Church's monopoly on education; Stipulate that workers have the right to strike and the freedom to choose their profession; The government recognizes the ownership of private wasteland occupied by farmers and sets the maximum working days and unemployment benefits for workers.
During the Second World War, due to the decrease of imports of industrial products and the increase of coffee exports, Colombia's industry and agriculture developed, the national gold reserve increased, and the working class grew. After the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941, Colombia severed diplomatic relations with Japan. In November 1943, Colombia declared war on Germany. In 1946, Ospina Peres, a Conservative, was elected President with the support of the United States, and he persecuted liberals and working people wantonly. In April 1948, the assassination of the left-wing leader of the Liberal Party, Gaitan, led to an armed uprising by the people. In 1949, Conservative Party member Gomez Castro was elected as president and implemented a pro American dictatorship policy. In 1950, farmers organized guerrilla groups in mountainous areas and repeatedly repelled the government's siege. In 1953, the commander of the armed forces, Rojas Pinelia, launched a coup and came to power, but was forced to step down in 1957.
In 1957, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party reached an agreement to form the National Front, deciding to take turns as presidents and form a cabinet together for 16 years starting from 1958. Afterwards, the national economy developed rapidly. But the United States imported a large amount of capital, controlling Colombia's oil, coffee, and banana production, and manipulating Colombia's foreign trade. After the expiration of the bipartisan agreement in 1974, the Liberals were elected as president for two consecutive terms, and the political situation was relatively stable. In October 1974, the Colombian government announced the cancellation of foreign companies' oil concessions. In 1975, Colombia issued a decree stipulating the nationalization of foreign banks, credit institutions, etc.
In 1982, Conservative Party member Berisario Betankur Quartas was elected as president, declaring his government a hyperparty national government, and approving a bill to pardon guerrillas in order to resolve domestic peace issues through dialogue with anti government armed forces. In 1984, the government reached a peaceful ceasefire agreement with major guerrilla organizations, and a national dialogue began in January 1985, but guerrilla activities continued.
In 2002, independent figure Alvaro Uribe was elected as the President of Colombia. He adopted a strong right-wing line and Colombia's largest anti government organization, the Revolutionary Armed Forces, was heavily besieged and suppressed. This move has brought Colombia closer to the United States, and as a result, the United States has increased its support for Colombia. On May 28, 2006, Alvaro Uribe was successfully re elected. In August 2010, National Unity Socialist Party candidate Santos was elected as President and was re elected in 2014.
On March 14, 2022 local time, the preliminary results of the Colombian parliamentary elections were announced. The two traditional political parties in Colombia, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party, as well as the emerging left-wing political group, the "Historical Pact Alliance," both won a total of over 40 seats in both houses of parliament. Among them, the "Historical Pact Alliance" became the largest political force in the Senate with 17 seats, and the Liberal Party became the largest party in the House of Representatives with 32 seats.
