Chile
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2023-04-13 13:50:02
Chile
Chile
The Republic of Chile (Spanish: Rep ú blica de Chile, English: Republic of Chile), abbreviated as "Chile", is located in the southwest of South America, at the western foothills of the Andes Mountains. It is adjacent to Argentina to the east, Peru and Bolivia to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Antarctica to the south across the sea. It is the country with the narrowest terrain in the world, with a land area of 756715 square kilometers. Chile is divided into 16 regions (Regi ó n), including 54 provinces (Provincia) and 346 cities (Comuna), and its capital is Santiago. As of September 2022, the total population of Chile was 19.458 million, with urban population accounting for 86.9%， sports fitness .
Chile was originally inhabited by Araucan, Mapuche, Fuegians and other Indians, and belonged to the Inca Empire before the beginning of the 16th century. The Spanish began to invade in 1535 and became a Spanish colony from 1541 onwards. On September 18, 1810, the ruling committee was established to implement autonomy. Since then, the Chilean people, led by Bernardo Oshiggins, have waged a struggle against Spanish colonial rule. In February 1817, the coalition with Argentina defeated the Spanish colonial army. Independence was declared in 1818. In 1973, the military government came to power and in 1990, representative democracy was restored.
Chile is one of the more developed economies in Latin America. Mining, forestry, fisheries, and agriculture are the four pillars of the national economy. In recent years, affected by the COVID-19, weak international economic recovery and structural problems of the domestic economy, Chile's economic development faces certain challenges. The Central Bank of Chile estimates that the Chilean economy will grow by 1.5% in 2022. In 2021, the gross domestic product was 316.8 billion US dollars, the per capita gross domestic product was 16503 US dollars, and the total foreign trade was 179.6 billion US dollars.
Chinese name Republic of Chile Foreign name Spanish: Rep ú blica de Chile
English: Republic of Chile is short for Valparaiso, Concepcion, Punta Arenas Iquique and other National Day National Day September 18, 1810 National Anthem Himno Nacional country code CHL Official Language Spanish Currency Chilean peso Time Zone UTC-4 Political System President republic National Leader Gavrel Boric (President) Population 19.458 million (September 2022) Population density 25.7 people/km2 (2020) Main ethnic whites, Indo European mixed race, Indians Main religious Catholicism, Protestantism Land area 756715 km ² Water area ratio 1.07% GDP totaled $316.8 billion (2021) GDP per capita was $16503 (2021) international call area code 56 abbreviation of international domain name. cl Road traffic drive right Gini coefficient 0.494 national motto rely on justice or force, Shiqing, Jinshi, Wukunka, major universities, University of Chile, Zhili Catholic University, etc
Historical evolution
Before independence
The original inhabitants of Chile were Native Americans, and in the 16th century, they were in a transitional stage from a matrilineal clan to a patrilineal clan. Among them, the Uru and Konsa people in the north and the Araucan people in the middle mainly engage in agricultural production and also engage in fishing. Some are already able to manufacture copper and gold and silver vessels; The Ona people, Yagan people, and others in the south make a living by fishing and hunting. In the 1630s, after the Spanish colonialist Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru, he sent his partner Almagro to invade Chile in 1535. Due to attacks by Native Americans, he fled back to Peru in 1538. In 1540, Pizarro sent Valdivia to invade Chile again, and successively established Santiago, Concepcion, Valdivia and other cities and towns, thus Chile became a Spanish colony. Afterwards, the Native Americans continued to fight, with the Lacan people controlling the territory south of the Biobio River for a long time. Chile was initially under the jurisdiction of the Governor General of Peru, and in 1778, the Spanish royal family established the Chilean Governor's Office and Procuratorate as the highest governing body in Chile. During the colonial period, Chile's economy was mainly agricultural, producing wheat and corn. Animal husbandry also played an important role. Spanish colonizers occupied large areas of land, implemented a system of entrusted guardianship, and forced Native Americans to engage in agricultural labor or extract precious metals. They used various means to plunder wealth and caused serious disasters to the local people. In 1651, 1655, 1723, 1766 and 1780, the Chilean people held many uprisings.
On September 18, 1810, the indigenous white people of Santiago overthrew the colonial regime and established an independent government. In October 1814, the Governor of Peru sent troops to restore colonial rule. Under the leadership of O'Higgins, Chilean national patriots crossed the Andes and joined the army of Saint Martin. In 1817, this army marched into Chile under the command of Saint Martin, and on February 12, it defeated the Spanish colonial army in Chacabucco. In the same year, Oshiggins was elected as the highest consul of Chile. On February 12, 1818, Oshiggins officially declared Chile's independence and established a republic.
After independence
After Chile's independence, the regime was dominated by indigenous white landowners. The Osho government has taken some progressive measures, such as abolishing aristocratic titles, allowing the spread of Protestantism, developing public schools, and encouraging foreign trade. Causing dissatisfaction among the landlord class and the Catholic Church. In 1823, Oshkins was forced to resign and exiled to Peru. Afterwards, due to struggles between different political factions, the country was plunged into turmoil for a time. In 1831, the Conservative Party came to power. In 1833, the Constitution was enacted, granting the President great power, with Catholicism as the national religion, consolidating the rule of the big landlord class, and beginning a relatively stable political situation for the next 30 years.
During this period, the Conservative government encouraged immigrants from various European countries to encroach on Native American land. Developing the Atacama and Kokimbo copper mines, making Chile an important copper producing country in the world. The export of minerals and food has increased, and education has also developed. At the same time, a large amount of British and American capital was invested in the nitrate and copper mining industries, as well as railways. Between 1836 and 1839, Chile waged a war against the Bolivian Peruvian Federation (Santa Cruz, A).
In the 1840s to 1950s, the Liberal Party gained strength with the support of liberal landlords and mining capitalists. During the Liberal Party's reign from 1861 to 1891. The government tried its best to weaken the Catholic forces and develop the nitrate area in Atacama Desert. And improved transportation. British and American capital further invaded and controlled railways and major production sectors. From 1865 to 1866, Chile formed an alliance with Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia and engaged in a war against Spain. In the South American Pacific War, Chile annexed the provinces of Tarapaca and Arica in Peru, as well as the Antofagasta region in Bolivia.
Congressional Republican Period
In 1891, naval officer J. Monte launched a civil war and seized power. Afterwards, the landlord class united with major importers and exporters to control the government through parliament, beginning the so-called "parliamentary republic period" (1891-1920). During this period, Chile's economy developed. In 1920, the Liberal Alliance candidate A. Alexandre Parma was elected as President. In 1925, the Constituent Assembly was convened to formulate the new Constitution, which stipulates that voters directly elect the President, implement the separation of church and state, collect progressive tax, and the government has the right to expropriate private property. The workers' movement is developing day by day. In 1922, the Social Labor Party changed its name to the Communist Party and joined the Communist International. After Alexandre Parma was re elected as president in 1932, anti democratic tendencies intensified and fascist forces became increasingly rampant. In 1936, the Radical Party, the Communist Party, the Socialist Party, the Democratic Party, and the Labor Union formed the People's Front. The Radical Party ruled with the support of the People's Front, with Zelda (1938-1942), Rios Morales (1942-1946), and Gabriel Gonzalez Weidilla (1946-1952) serving as presidents. The previous two governments vigorously established schools, established "production and development companies", developed ethnic industries, provided loans to farmers, and developed foreign trade. At the same time, the proletariat grew stronger. In the 1941 congressional elections, 18 workers' representatives were elected to Congress.
In the early stages of World War II, Chile remained neutral. In 1945, war was declared against the Axis Powers. In the early days of Gonzalez Vedilla's administration, he recruited left-wing figures into the cabinet. Since 1947, the policy has turned right and the Defense of Democracy Law was promulgated in 1948. After being elected as President in 1952, Carlos Ivanes del Campo continued to follow the United States in diplomacy.
In 1958, the Liberal and Conservative parties supported the election of Jorge Alexandri Rodriguez as president. In 1960, a massive 8.9 magnitude earthquake occurred in Chile, causing devastating damage to the country. In 1964, after Eduardo Frey Montalva, the leader of the Christian Democratic Party, was elected as president, under pressure from the people, he implemented the "Chilization" (i.e. joint venture) of American copper mining companies; Simultaneously expropriate a portion of the land owned by the landlord and distribute it to the farmers.
Military Administration
In 1970, six left-wing parties formed the People's United Front, supporting Socialist leader Allende Gossens as president. During his reign, he implemented a series of radical economic and social reforms. On September 11, 1973, soldiers launched a coup and overthrew the Allende government. Augusto Pinochet, the commander of the army, was the chairman of the "Military Governing Council". A military government ruled for 16 years. In 1989, Chile held a presidential election in a margin election, with Patricio Alvin Asokar winning and succeeding Pinochet as president the following year.
New stage of development
From 1994 to 2000, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frey was elected as President. Since 2000, Ricardo Lagos Escobar, a Social Democrat, has been elected President. On January 15, 2006, former Minister of Defense and single mother Michelle Bachelet won the election and was elected as the first female president in the country's history.
Chilean President Sebastian Pinera delivers a speech during the election campaign
Chilean President Sebastian Pinera delivers a speech during the election campaign
On January 11, 2010, Chile officially signed an agreement to join the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, making it the 31st member state of the organization and the first country in South America to join the organization.
On January 17, 2010, Sebastian Pinera, a candidate from the Chilean opposition alliance 'Alliance for Change', was elected as the President of Chile with 52% of the vote, becoming the first right-wing party president to be elected by vote in 52 years.
On the evening of December 17, 2017, the Chilean Electoral Service announced that according to statistics on 99.62% of the votes cast in the second round of the presidential election, former President Sebastian Pinera received 54.57% of the votes and was elected as the next President of Chile.
This election is the seventh presidential election held since the Chilean military government "returned politics to the people" in 1990. The new president took office on March 11, 2018.
On October 11, 2022, he was elected as a new member of the United Nations Human Rights Council and will take office on January 1, 2023.
geographical environment
Regional location
Regions of Chile
Chile is located in the southwest of South America, at the western foot of the Andes Mountains. Between 18 and 57 degrees south latitude and 81.5 to 68.5 degrees west longitude. It is adjacent to Argentina to the east, Peru and Bolivia to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Antarctica to the south across the sea. [6] The total length of the coastline is about 10000 kilometers, with a length of 4352 kilometers from north to south, the narrowest from east to west of 96.8 kilometers, and the widest of 362.3 kilometers. It is the country with the narrowest and longest terrain in the world. Chile has a land area of 756715 square kilometers (including a land area of 756253 square kilometers and an island area of 373 square kilometers), ranking seventh among South American countries.
Chile in South America is like a thin and long brush, stretching 4270 kilometers from north to south. If you put it on the map of China, it will stretch from the northernmost part of Heilongjiang Province to the the Xisha Islands. The average width between the east and west of the country is only 180 kilometers, which is equivalent to the distance from Shanghai to Hangzhou and is only one twenty-four times the length of the country, making it the narrowest and longest country in the world.
topographic features
To the east of Chile is the western slope of the Andes Mountains, accounting for approximately one-third of the east-west width of the entire territory; To the west is a coastal mountain range with an altitude of 300-2000 meters, with most of the area extending along the coast and flowing south into the sea, forming numerous coastal islands; The central part is a collapsed valley filled with alluvial material, with an elevation of about 1200 meters. There are many volcanoes and frequent earthquakes within the territory. The Ojos del Salado Peak, located on the border between Chile and Argentina, has an elevation of 6885 meters and is the highest point in the country. There are more than 30 rivers in the country, with more important ones such as the Biobio River. The main islands include Tierra del Fuego, Chiloe Island, Wellington Island, etc.
Roughly speaking, Chile can be divided into three regions:
There are many mountains in the north, with many peaks above 6000 meters. Between the two ridges of the Andes lies the Atacama Desert. This is the driest place on Earth, often without rain all year round. In the past, nitrate ore was developed here, but now it is copper mining. The larger cities in this region are Antofagasta (219000 residents) and Iquik.
The central climate is similar to the Mediterranean climate. This area has very fertile land and a large population. The capital city of Santiago (approximately five million residents) is here. In addition, Valparaiso (port, 280000 residents) and Concepcion (industrial and agricultural center, 350000 residents) are important cities. The southern part of the Talar salt near the Atacama Desert in Chile is sparsely populated and has abundant rainfall. There are many islands in front of the coast. There is Tierra del Fuego in the southern part of the mainland, with Chile and Argentina each accounting for half. Cape Horn, an island in front of Tierra del Fuego, is the southernmost point of Chile and South America.
From west to east, there is first a narrow coast, then a mountain range, and then a relatively wide plateau. This plateau in the central region is very fertile and can be used as farmland and pasture. The boundary line between Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina is the eastern ridge of the Andes Mountains.
In addition, the Juan Fernandez Islands and Easter Island in the Pacific also belong to Chile.
Climatic characteristics
glacier
Due to its territory spanning 38 latitudes and varying geographical conditions in various regions, Chile's climate is complex and diverse, including various forms, making it difficult to summarize the national climate situation in one sentence. The climate can be divided into three distinct sections: the north section is mainly desert climate; The middle section has a subtropical Mediterranean climate with rainy winters and dry summers; The south has a rainy temperate broad-leaved forest climate. According to the Coburn climate classification system, there are at least seven main climate subtypes within the territory of Chile, including deserts in the north to alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and southeast, humid subtropical climate on Easter Island, oceanic climate in southern Chile, and Mediterranean climate in central Chile. Most regions of the country have four seasons: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).
Chilean floods
One of the driest regions in the world, the Atacama Desert in Chile, was hit by a rare and violent storm on April 1, 2015. The floods caused by the storm have killed 24 people and left 140 missing. The flood swept through the valley with lightning speed, burying the villages, destroying buildings, and carrying motorcycles for thousands of meters. According to Reuters, Chilean President Michelle Bachelet has stated that it will cost $1.5 billion (approximately RMB 9.3 billion) to repair floods and
