Türkiye [t ǔ ě r qí]
Views : 595
2023-04-25 11:21:16
Türkiye [t ǔ ě r qí]
Türkiye [t ǔ ě r qí]
The Republic of Türkiye (Turkish: T ü rkiye Cumhuriyeti; English: The Republic of T ü rkiye [26]), referred to as Türkiye, is a country across the Eurasian continent, bordering the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, Syria and Iraq to the southeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, Greece and Bulgaria, and Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east. Türkiye's geographical location and geopolitical strategic significance are extremely important. It is a crossroad connecting Europe and Asia. Ankara, the capital, covers an area of 783600 square kilometers, with a population of 84.68 million (December 2021). Türkiye accounts for more than 80%, and Kurds account for about 15%. The country is divided into 81 provinces， sports fitness .
In 1299, Osman I established the Ottoman Empire. On May 29, 1453, Mohammed II captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. From the 16th century to the 17th century, especially when Suleiman the Magnificent ruled, he reached the peak, ruling across Europe, Asia and Africa. Therefore, the Sultan, the monarch of the Ottoman Empire, regarded himself as the master of the world. Türkiye inherited the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire and Islamic culture, so the eastern and western civilizations were integrated here. In the 19th century, national strength began to decline. In August 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Allied Powers in World War I, and after the war, the empire disintegrated. In 1919, Türkiye repelled foreign invaders under the leadership of Kemal. On October 29, 1923, the Republic of Türkiye was established.
Türkiye is a candidate of the European Union, which spans Asia and Europe and implements the European model in political, economic, cultural and other fields. Türkiye is a member of NATO, a founding member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and a member of the G20. Having a strong industrial foundation, it is one of the emerging economies in the world and one of the fastest-growing countries in the world. In 2021, Türkiye's GDP will reach US $802.7 billion, with a per capita GDP of US $9539 and a GDP growth rate of 11.0%.
Historical bloodline
Are Turks of Turkic descent? 2022-11-01 09:40
The so-called Anatolian indigenous people are descendants of the ancient Greeks. In other words, the main ancestor of modern Turks is actually the ancient Greeks, and the feud is actually a family. So, are Turks the descendants of ancient Turks or ancient Greeks details
Content from
Chinese name: Republic of Türkiye Foreign name: T ü rkiye Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)
The Republic of T ü rkiye (English) [26] is referred to as Türkiye's main cities in Asia and Ankara, the capital of Europe. Istanbul, Izmir, Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep, Antalya and other national days. The national anthem of October 29, 1923, "Independence March", country code TUR, official language, Turkish currency, new Türkiye lira Coin Kuru time zone UTC+3 [3] Political system presidential system republic national leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan (president) Population 84.68 million (December 2021) Population density 109.6 people/km2 (2020) [21] Main ethnic Turks, Kurds, main religion Islam (Sunni) Land area 783600 km ² The water area rate is 1.3%, and the GDP totals US $802.7 billion (2021) [1] GDP per capita is US $9539 (2021) [24] international call area code 90, abbreviation of international domain name. tr Road access, drive right, national bird, red winged thrush, national motto, "The motherland is peaceful, the world is peaceful", currency conversion 1 new Türkiye lira=100 Kuru pinyin ㄊㄨ ˇ ㄦ ˇ ㄑㄧ ˊ The main universities are Istanbul University and Marmara University
Historical evolution
Classical Era
From Abraham to Mount Ararat, where Noah's Ark docked, Anatolia has played an important role in the history of civilization in the biblical era. The Hittites, Luwian and Hulit successively occupied Asia Minor, and the World Cultural Heritage site of Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire, is located in Bozkoi Village, Chorum Province, central Türkiye.
The Hittite Empire was formed around the 17th century BC, initially as a small country, and later formed an alliance centered around Hattusha, gradually becoming unified. In the 13th century BC, the Hittite Empire entered its heyday. At the end of the 13th century BC, the Phoenicians swept through the eastern Mediterranean region and Hittite was dismembered. In the 8th century BC, the remaining Hittite Empire was destroyed by the Assyrian Empire. Although ultimately destroyed, the Hittite Empire had a profound impact on the development of ancient world civilization. They were the first to invent and use iron tools, greatly promoting the progress of human productivity. The double headed eagle emblem, which is now popular in badges and flags of various European countries, is said to have originated from the ancient Hittite Empire. As a result, many Indo European speaking ethnic groups, as well as "maritime peoples," migrated to this region, forming a wave of immigration. The Phrygians were also among this group of immigrants, who established a kingdom with Gordium as its capital between the 9th and 8th centuries BC. The invasion of outsiders completely destroyed the civilizations of the Hittites and Troy.
Turkic immigration
Ancient Turkic people
Around the beginning of the eighth century, the Arab Empire captured various parts of Central Asia, and Western Turks were also included in its rule.
Seljuk Empire
The leader of Ugus, Seljuk, originally lived on the east bank of the Sil River. Later, in order to avoid invasion by the West Kara Khan dynasty, he went south and was established by his grandson in 1037 as the Great Seljuk Empire. During the centuries of the rise and fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, a nomad, Turks, began to migrate from central Asia to the west. Due to their strong and belligerent nature, they soon occupied the territory of the declining Bayi Dynasty and established their own empire centered on Isfahan, Persia.
Roma sultanate
Suleyman was founded in 1077.
In 1095, Urban II launched a Crusade to the East.
In 1221, the Mongol Empire destroyed the city of Muff in Khwarazmim, and the Ugusian Kaye tribe fled from the grasslands of Muff in Central Asia to Asia Minor. The Seljuk Empire of Asia Minor (the Roma sultanate) accepted them and began to pay tribute to the Mongols.
In 1243, the Mongols defeated the sultanate of Roma in Asia Minor and became vassals.
In 1308, it was destroyed by the Ilkhanate established by Hulagu and established as the province of Rome.
Ottoman Marquis
After the demise of the sultanate of Roma, the kingdom was divided into 36 small marquises, one of which was called Osman. The Osman marquis gradually annexed other marquises, successfully repelled foreign invasion and established the Osman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire
Mohammed II and his army enter Constantinople
Mohammed II and his army enter Constantinople
An empire founded by the Turks and founded by Osman I. The Turks first settled in the interior of Central Asia, and then moved to Anatolia Peninsula in Asia Minor, becoming increasingly prosperous. At its peak, its power reached the three continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, with most of the territory and territories of southern Europe, the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East, and North Africa. It reached the Strait of Gibraltar to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf to the east, Austria and Slovenia to the north, and Sudan and Yemen to the south and north. After the elimination of the Eastern Roman Empire, the capital was established in Constantinople and renamed Istanbul, with the title of heir to the Eastern Roman Empire.
The Sultan, the monarch of the Ottoman Empire, regarded himself as the master of the world. He integrated the traditions of nomadic tribes, Persian artistic cultivation, Byzantine political civilization and Arab scientific culture, inherited the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire and Islamic culture, and thus integrated the eastern and western civilizations.
The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersection of Eastern and Western civilizations, and had controlled the land transportation routes of Eastern and Western civilizations for six centuries. During its existence, more than once Islamization and modernization reforms were implemented, causing the boundaries between Eastern and Western civilizations to become increasingly blurred. The Ottoman Empire had a significant impact on Western civilization, and its architect Shinan remains to this day.
The Ottoman Empire
In the 16th century, during the reign of Suleiman the Great, it became increasingly prosperous, and its territory reached its peak in the 17th century. Under the leadership of Barbarossa Herreddin, his navy gained greater control over the Mediterranean.
The Ottoman Empire was the only Islamic force capable of challenging rising European countries from the 15th to 19th centuries, but it was ultimately unable to withstand the impact of modern European countries. It declined in the early 19th century and ultimately lost to the Allied Powers in World War I, causing the Ottoman Empire to split. Then Kemal led the uprising, repelled the European powers, and established the Republic of Türkiye. The Ottoman Empire ended here.
Republic of Türkiye
Kemal, the father of Türkiye
Mustafa Kemal, born in Macedonia, has realized the dream of the "Young Türkiye Party" for many years: to establish a modern Türkiye nation state.
Turks began to manage their own government affairs from then on. They further consolidated Ankara, established it as the capital, and abolished the Islamic monarchy. Mustafa Kemal became the President of the newly established secular republic and the People's Party of the Republic. Later, he was granted the surname "Father of Türkiye". Ataltuk established a democratic government.
The successor of Ataturk, Ismet Inani, carefully prevented Türkiye from being involved in World War II, but after the war, Türkiye found itself an ally of the United States. At that time, the Armenian border was the symbol of the Soviet Union's border. Because of Türkiye's important strategic position, it became the front position against the Soviet Union, so it began to accept American assistance. Shortly thereafter, Türkiye became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
geographical environment
Regional location
Türkiye is located in the westernmost part of Asia, spanning Europe and Asia. The land area is 783600 square kilometers, of which 97% is located on the Asia Minor Peninsula (also known as Anatolia Peninsula) in Asia; 3% is located in the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, called East Thrace. Türkiye is surrounded by the sea on three sides, with the Black Sea in the north, the Aegean Sea and the Marmara Sea in the west, and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. Its coastline is 7200 kilometers long. Türkiye is adjacent to 8 countries in Asia and Europe, with a land border of 2648km. To the east are Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran; To the southeast, there are Iraq and Syria; To the west, there are Bulgaria and Greece; Across the sea from Romania, Russia, and Ukraine in the north; The south faces Cyprus across the sea.
topographic features
Türkiye has a complex terrain, ranging from coastal plains to mountain grasslands, from cedar forests to continuous grasslands. This is one of the regions with the richest plant resources in the world.
Mount Ararat, also known as Mount Ararat, stands at a height of 5165 meters and is covered in snow all year round. The scenery is the most spectacular, attracting many tourists. In addition, it is also a country with many rivers and lakes, from which both the Tigris River and the Euphrates River originate.
Climatic characteristics
The western and southern coastal areas of Türkiye have a typical Mediterranean climate, with hot summer and little rain, and mild and rainy winter. The northern coastal areas are mild and rainy throughout the year. The central and eastern non coastal areas have a continental plateau climate, with hot and dry summers and cold and rainy winters, with significant temperature differences. The average temperature in the inland region in January is below 0 ℃, with an annual average temperature of 16-22 ℃ and an average annual rainfall of 200-400 millimeters; The annual rainfall in coastal areas ranges from 500 to 700 millimeters. The extreme summer temperatures in the southern coastal areas reach 40 ℃. The extreme winter temperatures in the eastern region reach minus 40 ℃.
natural resources
Türkiye is rich in mineral resources, mainly including natural stone, marble, boron ore, chromium, thorium and coal, with a total value of more than US $2 trillion. Among them, natural stone and marble reserves account for 40% of the world's total, with both varieties ranking first in the world. Boron trioxide reserves 70 million tons, worth 356 billion US dollars; Thorium reserves account for 22% of the global total reserves; The reserves of chromium ore are 100 million tons, ranking among the top in the world. In addition, the reserves of gold, silver, and coal are 516 tons, 1100 tons, and 15.5 billion tons, respectively.
Türkiye is short of onshore oil and natural gas resources, with 405 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves in the Black Sea area. Türkiye is rich in river resources and many lakes. The famous Tigris River and Euphrates River both originate in Turkey.
Türkiye is also rich in forest resources, covering an area of 220000 square kilometers, and its forest coverage rate ranks first among countries in the Middle East. 60% of Türkiye's land is suitable for agricultural cultivation, while only 20% of it is actually reclaimed
