Egypt[ ā i jí]
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2023-04-26 15:15:55
Egypt[ ā i jí]
Egypt[ ā i jí]
The Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic: جمهورية مصر العربية ）Egypt, abbreviated as "Egypt", has its capital in Cairo, spanning two continents: Asia and Africa. It is mostly located in northeastern Africa, bordering Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, the Red Sea to the east, and Palestine and Israel to the north. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north. The northern coast has a Mediterranean climate, and the rest of the region has a tropical desert climate climate. Composed of plains, river valleys, and plateaus, the main resources are oil and gas resources, as well as iron ore. The total area is 1000145 square kilometers, with a coastline of approximately 2900 kilometers. The country is divided into 27 provinces. As of September 2022, Egypt has a total population of about 104 million, mainly believes in Islam, mainly the Oriental Ham, and the official language is Arabic， sports fitness .
Egypt is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. In 3200 BC, Menes united Egypt and established the first slavery country, which went through the Early Kingdom, the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom and the Post Dynasty. The productivity of the New Kingdom significantly increased and began to expand outward, becoming a military empire. During the post dynasty period, internal and external troubles led to the decline of national strength. In 525 BC, Egypt became a province of the Persian Empire. Over the next thousand years, Egypt was successively conquered by Greece and Rome. In 641, the Arabs invaded and Egypt gradually became Arabized, becoming an important center of Islam. In 1517, it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. In 1882, after the British occupation, it became a British "protectorate". On February 28, 1922, Britain declared Egypt an independent country. On June 18, 1953, the Republic of Egypt was established. On September 1, 1971, it was renamed the the Arab Republic of Egypt.
Egypt is the headquarters of the League of Arab States and a member of the African Union, playing an important role in Arab, African, and international affairs. Egypt is the third largest economy in Africa, with an open market economy and a relatively complete industrial, agricultural, and service industry system. In 2021, Egypt's gross domestic product was 385.58 billion US dollars.
Family Planning
Why do people at the bottom have to have three or four children when life is so difficult for them
How difficult is it to raise a child? While Chinese and Japanese families are still hesitant about having children, the president of an African country is anxiously advising the people, 'Two are enough'. He has four children of his own.
The Arab Republic of Egypt, the the Arab Republic of Egypt, Aswan and other national days July 23, 1952 National anthem My Motherland country code EGY official language Arabic currency Egyptian pound time zone UTC+2 political system presidential system republic national leader Abdul Fatah al Sisi (President), Mustafa Madbury (Prime Minister) The population is about 104 million (September 2022) [6] Population density 104.7 people/km2 (2021) [6] Major ethnic Arabs The main religions of the Coptic people are Islam (Sunni) and Christianity (Coptic Church), with a land area of 1001449 kilometers ² The water area ratio is 0.632%, and the GDP is 385.58 billion US dollars (2021/2022 fiscal year) [6] GDP per capita is 3780 US dollars (2021/2022 fiscal year) [6] international call area code 20 Abbreviation of international domain name. eg Road traffic Keep to the right Main universities Cairo University, Alexandria University and other color taboos Dark and purple national flowers Water lilies National birds Eagle National structure Single system Main rivers Nile geographical highest point Catherine Mountain (altitude 2642 meters)
Historical evolution
Predynastic Period
In 6000 BC, crops and livestock from West Asia were introduced into the Nile River basin, and the earliest known agricultural and pastoral culture in Egypt emerged in the Fayoum Oasis of the Lower Egyptian Delta.
By 5000 BC, agricultural settlements had spread from the delta in Lower Egypt to the first waterfall in Aswan, Upper Egypt, and even to the banks of the Nile River upstream. Agriculture laid the material foundation for the emergence of civilization.
In 4000 BC, Egypt entered the Pre Dynasty period, also known as the Negada Culture period. The Negada Culture was named after the Negada Site in southern Egypt, and the first period of the Negada Culture was also known as the Amra Culture. On a black topped pottery jar in Tomb 1610 of the Negada region, a red crown image (with a cobra as its emblem) was found as one of the symbols of royal power. An image of Horus eagle god (one of the symbols of kingship) is painted on a pottery tablet found in a tomb belonging to the Gelse period (tomb 1540 of Negada).
Early Kingdom Period
In 3200 BC, Menes united Egypt and established the first slavery country. The Early Dynasty period included the First Dynasty of Egypt (3150-2850 BC) and the Second Dynasty of Egypt (2850-2686 BC), ranging from the Pre Dynasty period to 2686 BC and until the Old Kingdom period. The information about this period comes from a few sites and other objects engraved with the name of the pharaoh, the most important of which is the Narmer slate. Apart from the simple words on the stone slab in Narmer, no detailed records of the First and Second Dynasties have been found.
Ancient Kingdom Period
The Third Dynasty of Egypt (2686 BC to 2613 BC) had five kings from Neteriknet Djeser to Houni. The reign of Jos é marked the beginning of power and victory, with the emergence of magnificent stone buildings represented by the stepped pyramid complex of Shakara. Imhotep, the designer, medical sage and scholar of the building complex, became one of the first great men to appear in the history books. This era was the period when the powerful centralized monarchy was developed. The monarch sat in Memphis, the capital, and assigned provincial governors to rule the country. During the reign of King Zuoser, he launched several expeditions on the Sinai Peninsula and conquered the local ethnic groups; He also sent personnel to mine turquoise, copper and other minerals here.
The Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (2613-2494 BC) had six or seven kings from Snefrou to Skepseskaf. Judging from the grandeur of the pyramids, the reign of Snefru, Khufu, and Hafra was the pinnacle of this era. The pyramids built by Medon and Giza in Dachar demonstrate the dynasty's governance and economic prosperity.
The Fourth Dynasty was the second dynasty in ancient Egyptian history during the Old Kingdom period, during which ancient Egyptian civilization reached unprecedented heights. For example, the largest pyramid, the Khufu Pyramid, was built by Pharaoh Khufu of this era. Therefore, the Fourth Dynasty is considered the "era of honor" of ancient Egypt.
The Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2494 BC to 2345 BC) had nine kings from Ouser to Ounas. The most famous are Sahure and Djedkare Isesi. Sahure is the eldest son of Userkaf and Khentkaues I. During his 15 years in office, he dug the Bubasti Canal along with the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and built a huge fleet. Expand your territory.
The Sixth Dynasty of Egypt (2345-2181 BC) included seven kings, including Pepi I and Pepi II, who lived for over a hundred years, from Teti I to Queen Nitocris. Although the Sixth Dynasty was prominent in its military and political campaigns and organized military and commercial expeditions as far as the southern tip of Africa, the expanding power of some provincial governors threatened the centralized Memphis and sparked internal strife.
First intermediate period
The first intermediate period (2181-2040 BC) includes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt (2181-2173 BC), the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt (2173-2160 BC), and the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties of Egypt (2160-2040 BC).
After the collapse of the central government in the late Old Kingdom, the government was no longer able to maintain economic stability, and the subsequent food shortages and political debates escalated into famine and small-scale civil war. Despite the difficulties, local rulers no longer paid tribute to the king and used their newly acquired independence to maintain the prosperity of the provinces. Once they mastered their own resources, the provinces became more economically prosperous. At the outbreak of creative power, the artists in each province inherited and adjusted the cultural theme of serving the monarchy during the Old Kingdom period. The scribes developed and enriched the literary style, demonstrating the creativity and optimism of this period.
After the chaos and turmoil of the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in Egypt, two major power centers gradually emerged: one was Heracleopoli located in central Egypt, which unified the vast areas of the northern delta and central Egypt, establishing the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties of Egypt. The other center is Thebes in the south. Thebes established the 11th Dynasty, controlled southern Egypt, and at one point expanded its influence southward to the First Waterfall.
Middle Kingdom period
The Middle Kingdom period (2040 BC - 1786 BC) includes Egypt's Eleventh Dynasty (2133 BC - 1991 BC) and Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (1991 BC - 1786 BC).
From the middle of the 22nd century BC, Heracleopoli and Thebes engaged in a struggle for hegemony and the unification of Egypt. At first, both sides had a winner or loser. Finally, King Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty (Thebes Dynasty) of Egypt defeated the Tenth Dynasty of Heracleopoli and reunited Egypt. The history of Egypt has entered the Middle Kingdom period. After the reunification of Egypt by Mentuhotep II, he sought to strengthen the central government and its control over the local areas. He appointed members of the royal family to serve as the head of the newly established Lower Egyptian mansion and replaced the governor of the previously hostile state of Hiut in Thebes. However, given the continued weakness of the royal power, the Middle Kingdom did not touch the other governors of the Heracleopolis dynasty and the southern governors who supported Thebes in its early stages.
The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the prosperity and stability of the country, stimulating the revival of art, literature, and monumental construction projects. In terms of foreign relations, the kings of the Middle Kingdom are more actively seeking new land and resources for expansion and trade. Kings such as Amenemkhet I, Sinusselt I, and Sinusselt III launched military operations against Nubia in the south and Syria and Palestine in the northeast.
In the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt of Egypt, the rulers began to make drastic reforms and reorganize the local government. In the late period of the Middle Kingdom, various domestic contradictions were sharp, the monarchy weakened again, unity was disrupted, and Egypt once again fell into a state of division and chaos. So the second intermediate period began.
Second Intermediate Period
The second intermediate period (1786-1567 BC) includes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1786-1633 BC), the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1786-1603 BC), the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1674-1567 BC), the "Great Hyksos Dynasty", the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1674-1567 BC), the "Little Hiksos Dynasty" The 17th Dynasty of Egypt (1650-1567 BC) was the Theban Dynasty.
The Hyksos established the 15th Dynasty and the 16th Dynasty in the eastern part of the delta, which were initially opposed to the 13th and 14th Dynasties, and then gradually expanded their power. In 1567 BC, Ahmos captured Avalis, the capital of Hyksos, and drove all Hyksos out of Egypt. Ahmos founded the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, which ushered in the New Kingdom period.
New Kingdom period
The New Kingdom period (1567-1085 BC) included the 18th Dynasty of Egypt (1567-1320 BC), the 19th Dynasty of Egypt (1320-1200 BC), and the 20th Dynasty of Egypt (1200-1085 BC).
The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1567-1320 BC), the first dynasty in the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt, was also the most powerful dynasty in the history of ancient Egypt. After expelling the Hyksos, it immediately began to expand abroad. In about a hundred years, it expanded from a regional kingdom in the Nile Valley and delta to a great empire across West Asia and North Africa. Its sphere of influence reached Ethiopia in the south, The islands of the North Aegean Sea, Crete, Cyprus, Palestine, Syria, and other regions.
Since the New Kingdom, the king of Egypt has been revered as the "pharaoh". The original meaning is "big house". In the Old Kingdom era, the term only referred to the palace and court, and did not refer to the king himself. By the end of the Middle Kingdom, it began to be mixed with hymns to the king, such as' Palace, wish him longevity, health, and safety '.
In 1085 BC, the priest Herihor of the Temple of Amun usurped the throne and established the 21st Dynasty of Egypt, ending the New Kingdom period.
Third intermediate period
The third intermediate period (1085-664 BC) includes the 21st Dynasty of Egypt (1085-945 BC), the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt (945-712 BC), the 23rd Dynasty of Egypt (818-715 BC), the 24th Dynasty of Egypt (730-715 BC), and the 25th Dynasty of Egypt (752-664 BC).
The 21st Dynasty of Egypt: Herihal declared himself the king of Egypt, while retaining the position of chief monk of the Amun god. Such measures undoubtedly face some resistance. At the same time, there was a king named Smentis in the city of Tanis, who had influence throughout the entire Delta and most of Central Egypt.
The 22nd Dynasty of Egypt: composed of 9 kings of Bubastius (according to Aflikanus), among which the remaining 3 kings, namely Thesoncis, Oshorton, and Tacherotis, are clearly equivalent to Sheshank, Oshorkon, and Tacherot, while the remaining 6 kings have not been preserved. Manito recorded a total of 230 years of the 22nd Dynasty.
The 23rd Dynasty of Egypt: The founding pharaoh was Padubati I, also known as Patubates. In the eighth year of the reign of King Sheshank III of the 22nd Dynasty, he established himself as king in the Delta region and established a new dynasty in the Delta region of Leon Teporis. Manito referred to it as the Tanis dynasty. This once again led to the situation of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
The 24th Dynasty of Egypt: It was a brief dynasty in ancient Egypt during the 8th century BC, lasting only over ten years. Its capital was located in Sais in the west, ruling the Nile Delta region, and was ultimately destroyed by the 25th Dynasty in the south.
The 25th Dynasty of Egypt: (Nubian or Ethiopian Dynasty) was a dynasty that ruled from the mid 8th century BC to the mid 7th century BC. Its monarch originated from (Kush, also known as "Kush" or "Kush"; Nubia, approximately located in present-day northern Sudan) and later conquered Egypt. The Twenty fifth Dynasty declined due to the invasion of Assyrian people, and the last pharaoh returned to Nubia after the Twenty sixth Dynasty sent troops to occupy Thebes.
Post dynastic period
The Later Dynasty period (664 BC to 332 BC) included the 26th Dynasty of Egypt (664 BC to 525 BC) and the 20th Dynasty of Egypt
