Iraq
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2023-04-27 14:56:39
Iraq
Iraq
Republic of Iraq (Arabic: الجمهورية العراقية， Kurdish: كۆماری عێراق； English: Republic of Iraq, abbreviated as "Iraq", is located in southwestern Asia and the northeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Türkiye to the north, Iran to the east, Syria and Jordan to the west, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south, and the Persian Gulf to the southeast. Euphrates River and Tigris River flow through the whole territory from northwest to southeast. The coastline is 60 kilometers long. Except for the mountains in the northeast, it has a tropical desert climate climate. 7. August has the highest temperature, with a daily average temperature of 24 ℃ -43 ℃. January has the lowest temperature, with a daily average temperature of 4 ℃ -16 ℃. June September has the least rainfall, with a monthly average rainfall of 1mm. March has the most rainfall, with a monthly average rainfall of 28mm. The country covers an area of 438300 square kilometers. Iraq is divided into 18 provinces, with Baghdad as its capital. In 2022, the population of Iraq was 42.25 million，sports fitness .
In the middle of 3000 BC, Sumerians, the earliest inhabitants of the two river basins, created cuneiform, 60 base counting method and circular division rate. Afterwards, Iraq underwent the rule of the Babylonian Kingdom, Assyrian Empire, New Babylon Kingdom, Persia, Seleucid (known as Tiaozhi in Chinese history), Sabbath, and Persian Sassanid dynasty. The Abbasid dynasty established its capital in Baghdad. In 1920, it became the trusteeship of Mesopotamia in Britain. In 1921, the British selected Faisal I from the Hashemite royal family in Mecca to establish the Kingdom of Iraq in Baghdad. The establishment of the Republic of Iraq was announced in 1958.
In 2021, Iraq's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was $2015 billion. Per capita gross domestic product: 4892 US dollars.
Political status quo
Iraq, Sitting Up in Dying Illness 2021-10-18 16:17
After paying a tragic price of over 1000 deaths, over 38000 injuries, and 4600 arrests, a desperate Iraq finally secured the promise of the then president resigning and bringing the election to 2021. Now, the promise has been fulfilled and the early election has been held as scheduled. However, in stark contrast to the intensity of street politics, the voter turnout in this election hit a new low of only 40%. Perhaps the deepest feeling among ordinary Iraqi people is fatigue. Over the past decade, Iraq has shed too much blood and lost its direction. Where is this country heading details
Content from
The Republic of Iraq
Iraq is referred to as Basra, Mosul, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Najaf, the main city of Baghdad, the Asian capital of the continent to which Iraq belongs, and other national days. On July 14, 1958, the national anthem My Hometown country code IRQ official language Arabic, Kurdish currency dinar time zone UTC+3 political system parliamentary republic national leader Abdul Latif Rashid (President) Mohammed Shia Sudani (Prime Minister) has a population of 42.25 million (2022) with a population density of 92.6 people per square kilometer (2020) [20]. The main ethnic group is Arab, and the main religion of Kurdish Islam (Shia) has a land area of 438300 kilometers ² Water area ratio 1.1% GDP total $2015 billion (2021) GDP per capita $4892 (2021) international call area code 964 Abbreviation of international domain name. iq Road traffic drive right national motto "God is the greatest" climate tropical desert climate national flower red rose national structure federation major universities Bagda, Basra, Mosul
Historical evolution
Ancient history
Iraq has a long history. The two river valley (Mesopotamia) is one of the birthplaces of the world's ancient civilization. In 4700 BC, city states appeared. The northern part of Mesopotamia was called Assyria, the southern part was called Babylonia, while the northern part of Babylonia was called Akad, and the southern part was Sumer.
In 2500 BC, Mesopotamia successively established the Akkad Kingdom, the Ur Empire, the Babylonian Kingdom, the Assyrian Empire and the New Babylonian Kingdom, which are known as one of the "Four Ancient Civilizations". Salgon, Ur-Nammu, Hammurabi, Nebuchadnezzar and other famous monarchs emerged Library of Ashurbanipal, Assyrian Code, etc. are symbols of civilization. In 539 BC, the Kingdom of New Babylon was destroyed by the Persian Empire. Assyrian people have lived in Iraq for thousands of years and are truly indigenous peoples. The triangle in the eastern part of Nineveh Province is still a concentrated settlement and cultural center of contemporary Assyrian people.
In the 7th century AD, it was annexed by the Arab Empire and its capital was established in Baghdad during the Abbasid dynasty. From 833 to 945, Iraq was controlled by the Turks. 945~1055 established the Bouchy dynasty. The Seljuks and Mongols invaded successively, and after the fall of the Arab Empire, it became the territory of the Ilkhanate.
Afterwards, Iraq was ruled by the Timur Khanate, Turkmen, and Safavid dynasties.
In the 16th century, Suliman the Great captured Baghdad, and Iraq was ruled by the Ottoman Türkiye Empire.
Modern History
In 1920, Iraq became the "appointed territory" of Britain. In August 1921, it declared independence and established the Kingdom of Iraq. The British sent Faisal from the Mecca Hashemite family to Baghdad to establish the Faisal dynasty. Full independence was achieved in 1932.
In 1933, the founding monarch of the Faisal dynasty, Faisal I, passed away due to a heart attack. Due to his pro German policy, the reigning King Gazi had a strained relationship with his suzerain, Britain. In April 1939, he mysteriously died in a car accident. After the death of Ghazi I, his son inherited the throne, which was the last king of Iraq, Faisal II. During the reign of Faisal II, the domestic economy was depressed and the people's living standard was low. Prime Minister Nuri as-Said pursued a foreign policy of fully turning to the West, which caused dissatisfaction among Arab nationalists. In 1952, the "Free Officer Organization" quietly emerged in the Royal Iraqi Army.
Iraq and Türkiye signed the "Iraq Turkey Treaty" on February 23, 1955, and then Britain, Pakistan and Iran joined to form the Baghdad Treaty Organization.
In 1958, the Free Officer Group led by Kassem launched a military coup, overthrowing the Faisal dynasty and declaring the establishment of the Republic of Iraq. King Faisal II and Prime Minister Nuri as-Said were successively arrested and executed.
On February 8, 1963, the Arab Revival Socialist Party overthrew Qassam and established a regime dominated by the party, with non party figure Arif serving as president.
On July 17, 1968, the Baath Party's military group led by Ahmed Hassan Becker, in conjunction with the Abdul Razak Naif Youth Officer Group, overthrew Arif. The Baath Party regained power and promoted the Arab program of "unity, freedom, and socialism", with Becker serving as president.
In July 1979, Becker resigned due to illness, and Baath Party member Saddam Hussein took over as president.
In 1980, Iraq launched an 8-year Iran Iran Iraq War due to a border dispute with Iran.
In 1990, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait triggered the Gulf War and was sanctioned by the United Nations.
On March 20, 2003, the United States, Britain and other countries unilaterally launched the Iraq War. On April 9th, the US military captured Baghdad and the Saddam regime was overthrown. On May 1st, US President Bush announced the end of the main war in Iraq.
On December 20, 2011, the United States achieved a complete withdrawal from Iraq.
On October 28, 2016, Iraq was elected to the United Nations Human Rights Council for a term of office from 2017 to 2019.
On December 9, 2017, Iraqi Prime Minister Abbasid announced the recovery of all territories occupied by extremist terrorist organizations, achieving a significant victory in the war on terror.
On December 16, 2017, the Central Bureau of Statistics of Iraq issued a statement stating that the national population growth in 2017 exceeded the past average, reaching 37139519 people. The fertility rate for women of childbearing age aged 15 to 49 was 3.96, and the birth rate (the ratio of births per 1000 people in a year) reached 30.1 ‰.
In May 2018, Iraq held its fourth National Assembly elections.
On the evening of August 29, 2022 local time, Iraq announced a nationwide curfew.
geographical environment
Regional location
Iraq is located in southwestern Asia, northeast of the Arabian Peninsula, with a land area of 438300 square kilometers [2] (including 924 square kilometers of water and 3522 square kilometers of Iraq and Saudi Arabia's neutral zone). It borders Türkiye to the north, Iran to the east, Syria and Jordan to the west, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south, and the Persian Gulf to the southeast.
The Iraqi sea outlet is only a small section of the coast at the southeastern end of the Persian Gulf. The coastline is 60 kilometers long. The width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles. The southwest is the part of the Arabian Plateau that slopes towards the eastern plain; There are Kurdish mountains in the northeast and desert areas in the west.
topographic features
There are Kurdish mountains in the northeast of Iraq, desert areas in the west, and Mesopotamia Plain, which accounts for most of the country, between the plateau and the mountains. Most of them are less than 100 meters above sea level. The Euphrates River and Tigris River run through the whole territory from northwest to southeast, and the two rivers converge at Khulna to form the Shatai Arabian River and flow into the Persian Gulf. The southern part of the plain is low-lying, with many lakes and swamps. To the east of the plain is the western edge of the Zagros Mountains. The southwest is a part of the Arabian Plateau, distributed in the Syrian Desert.
Climatic characteristics
The highest temperature in Iraq in summer is over 50 degrees Celsius, and the lowest temperature in winter is around 0 degrees Celsius. The average annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 500 millimeters from south to north, and 700 millimeters in the northern mountainous areas. Iraq has a perennial northwest wind, with cool and rainy winters, humid air, and hot and dry summers. The temperature in the capital city of Baghdad is around 45 degrees Celsius in summer in July and August, and 4 degrees Celsius in winter in January. The driest season is from June to September every year, with an average monthly rainfall of 1 millimeter. The wettest season is in March, with an average rainfall of 28 millimeters.
natural resources
Iraq has unique geographical conditions, abundant oil and natural gas resources, and the oil industry is the main pillar of the economy. In October 2010, the Iraqi Minister of Oil stated that the proven reserves were 143.1 billion barrels, accounting for 12.0% and 9.8% of the total proven oil reserves in OPEC and the world, respectively, ranking second in the world; The proven reserves of natural gas are 3.17 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 1.7% of the world's total proven reserves and ranking tenth in the world. The phosphate reserves are approximately 10 billion tons.
administrative division
Administrative district
Iraq is divided into 18 provinces: Baghdad, Nineveh, Basra, Babylon, Muthanna, Najaf, Anbar, Wasit, Missan, Jigar, Qadisia, Karbala, Diyala, Salahedin, Kirkuk, Sulaymaniyah, Erbil, Duhuk.
The 18 provinces are: Baghdad, Nineva, Anbar, Arbil, Babil, Muthanna, Najaf, Basra, dhiqar, Qadisiya, diyala, Salahuddin, Dohuk Sulaymaniya, Karbala, Misan, Wasit, and Kirkuk provinces.
city
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, the largest city and economic, cultural, and transportation center in the country, and an important international airport. The population is approximately 7.21 million. [2] There are industrial sectors such as oil refining, steel, cement, textiles, leather, cigarettes, and food. The Mustan Siriya Academy in the city was founded in 1227 and was once one of the highest educational institutions in the Arab world. Baghdad is located in the middle of the Tigris River and the Euphrates River basin. In ancient Persian, it means "a place given by God". It was an important town over 4000 years ago. In 762 AD, it became the capital of the Arab Empire. For centuries, it has been the economic, trade, cultural, and transportation center of West Asia and the Middle East. This room has experienced several ups and downs.
Basra has the largest seaport in Iraq, capable of simultaneously berthing more than 20 10000 ton Shanghai ships. There are large refineries, and the suburbs are the main producing areas of dates. Export oil and dates. There is a deep water port in the southern suburbs of the city called Umm Qasr. Important international air stations. It has a long history, and the navigator Sinberda from "Tianfang Nighttalk" traveled around the world from here.
Babylon is one of the world-renowned city ruins and birthplace of human civilization, with its name meaning "Gate of God". The city of Babylon in Cuba is magnificent in scale. The Code of Hammurabi, the first code in the world, was unearthed. Now it has restored the Temple of Nyingmak, the ancient Babylonian city and other historic sites.
