Jordan ē dàn]
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2023-04-27 15:03:43
Jordan ē dàn]
Jordan ē dàn]
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: المملكة الأردنّيّة الهاشميّة， English: The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, or Jordan for short, is located in western Asia, in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Palestine and Israel in the west, Syria in the north, Iraq in the northeast, Saudi Arabia in the southeast and south, and the Gulf of Aqaba, which is near the Red Sea in the southwest corner, is the only sea port. The western highlands have a subtropical Mediterranean climate with a mild climate, with an average temperature of 7 ℃ -14 ℃ in January and 26 ℃ -33 ℃ in July. The eastern and southeastern regions are deserts, accounting for 78% of the national area and covering an area of 89000 square kilometers. Jordan is divided into 12 provinces with Amman as its capital. [13] According to the June 2022 update on the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Jordan has a population of 11.05 million (including refugees from Palestine, Syria, and Iraq)，sports fitness .
Jordan was originally a part of Palestine. At the beginning of the 7th century AD, it belonged to the territory of the Arab Empire. Belonged to the Ottoman Empire in 1517 AD. After World War I, it was reduced to a British commissioned territory. In 1921, it was bordered by the Jordan River, with the western part still referred to as Palestine and the eastern part as the Emirate of Outer Jordan. On March 22, 1946, Outer Jordan gained independence. Establish a constitutional monarchy.
In 2021, Jordan's main economic data is as follows: Gross Domestic Product: $45.06 billion. Per capita gross domestic product: approximately 4133.55 US dollars (as of December 2020).
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (English)
المملكة الأردنّيّة الهاشميّة (Arabic) Abbreviated to Irbid, the main city of Amman, the Asian capital of Jordan, Aqaba and other national days, May 25, 1946, the national anthem "Long live the king", country code, JOR, the official language, Arabic currency, Jordanian dinar dinar, time zone, UTC+2, political system, dual constitutional monarchy, national leader Abdullah II (king) Abdullah Ensur (Prime Minister) has a population of 11.05 million (according to the June 2022 update on the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China), with a population density of 124.15 people/square kilometer (according to the June 2022 update on the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China) [10]. The main ethnic group is the Arab people, and the main religion is Islam (Sunni). The land area is 89000 kilometers ² The GDP totaled 45.06 billion US dollars (2021). The per capita GDP was about 4133.55 US dollars (December 2020). international call area code 962. Abbreviation of international domain name. jo Road access. Drive right. national motto God, the country, the monarch climate. Subtropical desert climate climate. National flower. Black iris. The largest city. Amman Army Day. Army Day: June 10. Common language English. Major universities: Jordan University, Yarmouk University, etc.
Historical evolution
Jordan was originally a part of Palestine (see Palestinian history). At the beginning of the 7th century AD, it belonged to the territory of the Arab Empire.
It was occupied by the Turks in 1516 and belongs to Damascus Province of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1920, the San Remo Conference designated the Palestinian area as a designated territory for British rule. In July of the same year, the French army occupied Damascus. In November, Abdullah ibn Hussein, the second son of King Hussein of Hanzhi, was ordered by his father to lead troops to Syria in an attempt to regain lost territory and stationed in Amman, becoming a powerful military force in the region.
In 1921, Britain divided Palestine into two with the Jordan River as its boundary, with the western part still known as Palestine and the eastern part establishing the Emirate of Outer Jordan. Britain established a semi autonomous sultanate here, and appointed Abdullah I, the second son of Hanshi King Hussein, as the chief of the Emirate of Outer Jordan. Britain recognizes Abdullah as the ruler of Outer Jordan, while Abdullah recognizes Britain's delegated authority.
In 1923, Outer Jordan became a semi independent Emirate under British mandate. Britain has complete control over the politics and economy of Outer Jordan. The Arab Legion in Outer Jordan is commanded by the British, the royal expenses are funded by the British government, and foreign affairs are managed by the British Governor General.
In 1928, Britain forced Outer Jordan to accept the 20-year British Treaty Agreement, legalizing Britain's rule over Outer Jordan.
After World War II, the struggle of the people of Outer Jordan against British appointed rule rapidly developed. On March 22, 1946, Outer Jordan signed the London Treaty with Britain, abolishing the British mandate. Britain recognized Outer Jordan's independence but retained political, economic, and military privileges. On May 25 of the same year, Abdullah ascended the throne (reigning from 1946 to 1951) and changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Outer Jordan.
Due to the opposition of the people to the Treaty of London, the Treaty of Alliance was signed in 1948. The treaty stipulates the establishment of a Joint Defense Committee, and Britain has the right to stationed troops and use bases in Outer Jordan. In May of the same year, the first Middle East War (Arab Israeli War) broke out. During the war, the Outer Jordanian forces occupied most of the West Bank and approximately 4800 square kilometers of land belonging to the Old City of Jerusalem, which were transferred to the Palestinians under the 1947 United Nations partition resolution.
In April 1950, Outer Jordan announced the inclusion of the region in its territory and renamed it the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
On July 20, 1951, King Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated in Jerusalem, and Crown Prince Talal ibn Abdullah succeeded him to the throne.
In January 1952, a new constitution was promulgated, which stipulated that legislative power belonged to the parliament and the king. In August 1952, the Jordanian parliament deposed pro American Talal and appointed his eldest son Hussein ibn Talal as king (crowned on May 2, 1953). After Hussein succeeded to the throne, he took some reform measures domestically and implemented an independent foreign policy.
Driven by the people's movement, Hussein announced in January 1956 that Jordan refused to join any military group, and in early March, he dismissed British J.B. Grab from his positions as Chief of Staff of the Jordanian Army and Commander of the Arab Legion.
In March 1957, the Jordanian government abolished the Treaty of the British Treaty of Alliance. In July, all British troops withdrew from Jordan. From then on, Jordan embarked on the path of independent development.
In February 1958, Jordan and the Kingdom of Iraq formed the "Arab Federation". After the outbreak of revolution in Iraq in July of the same year, the federation was dissolved.
Jordan supports Palestinians and opposes the establishment of Israel. It participated in the joint Arab war against Israel, and after the defeat of the Arab countries, Jordan gained control of the West Bank of the Jordan River. In 1967, Jordan fought alongside Egypt, Syria, and Iraq against Israel. Israel has occupied the West Bank and the entire Jerusalem. After both wars, a large number of Palestinian refugees fled to Jordan. This has greatly increased the influence of Palestinians in Jordan. The increase in this power has caused great unease among the Jordanian royal family.
In 1970, Jordan opened fire on the Palestine Liberation Organization after several hijackings. This battle affects the entire Arab society. Syria has concentrated tank troops on Jordan's northern border to exert pressure on Jordan. On September 22, 1970, the meeting of Arab foreign ministers in Cairo called for a ceasefire between the two sides. But there have been minor battles since then.
From September 1970 to July 1971, the Jordanian army engaged in armed conflict with Palestinian guerrillas stationed in Jordan. In July 1971, Jordan expelled the Palestine Liberation Organization from its territory.
In 1973, the Fourth Middle East War broke out, and Jordan sent troops to Syria to participate in the war.
On April 7, 1977, Jordan established diplomatic relations with China.
In July 1988, King Hussein announced the interruption of "legal and administrative ties" with the West Bank region.
Jordan did not participate in the 1991 Gulf War.
In October 1994, Jordan signed a peace treaty with Israel.
On February 9, 1995, Jordan reclaimed approximately 340 square kilometers of lost land occupied by Israel.
Since 2010, the Jordanian government has been committed to the development of the national economy and has achieved significant achievements. The cultural and educational undertakings have made great progress, and the living standards of the people have gradually improved.
Since the turmoil in West Asia and North Africa in 2011, Jordan has launched a series of measures such as national dialogue, cabinet change, punishment of corruption, revision of some laws, and early parliamentary elections.
In March 2013, Jordan elected its Prime Minister for the first time through consultation between the king and parliament.
geographical environment
Regional location
Jordan is located in western Asia, northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, adjacent to Palestine and Israel to the west, Syria to the north, Iraq to the northeast, and Saudi Arabia to the southeast and south. Jordan is basically a landlocked country, and the Gulf of Aqaba is the only outlet to the sea. Jordan has a land area of 89000 square kilometers, including a land area of 88802 square kilometers and an ocean area of 540 square kilometers.
topographic features
The terrain is high in the west and low in the east. The western region is mountainous, while the eastern and southeastern regions are deserts. Deserts account for over 80% of the national area. The Jordan River flows westward into the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is a saltwater lake, with a surface elevation of 392 meters below sea level, making it the lowest point on land in the world.
Climatic characteristics
The western highlands of Jordan have a subtropical Mediterranean climate with a mild climate, with an average temperature of 7-14 ℃ in January and 26-33 ℃ in July. The eastern and southeastern parts are deserts.
Jordan is facing a national water shortage. According to statistics from relevant international organizations, Jordan is one of the top ten countries in the world with severe water shortages. The annual precipitation in the mountainous areas of western Jordan and the Jordan River Valley ranges from 380 to 630 millimeters, while in the eastern desert region, the climate is harsh, with a large temperature difference between day and night, dryness, and strong sandstorms, with an annual precipitation of less than 50 millimeters. [3]
Natural resource editing and broadcasting
By 2021, there are mainly phosphate, potash, copper, manganese, uranium, oil shale and a small amount of natural gas. The phosphate reserves are approximately 2 billion tons. The Dead Sea seawater can extract potassium salts with a reserve of 4 billion tons. The reserve of oil shale is 70 billion tons, but its commercial exploitation value is low.
administrative division
Area under jurisdiction
Jordan is divided into 12 provinces throughout the country, including Amman Province, Irbid Province, Maan Province, Zarka Province, Bairga Province, Mafrac Province, Karak Province, Tafila Province, Madba Province, Jerash Province, Aqaba Province, and Ajeron Province.
Important cities
Amman
The capital of Jordan, with an area of 1700 square kilometers and a population of 4.64 million (2021), is the largest city in the country. Located on the east side of the Ajilong Mountains, in the area where the Amman Dry River flows. With a long history, relics dating back to 3000 to 4000 BC have been discovered. After World War I, it became the capital of Outer Jordan and became the capital of the Kingdom of Jordan in 1946. A commercial and financial center, where many Western companies have their headquarters in the Middle East. It also concentrates most of the country's industries, including factories for food, textiles, paper products, plastic products, aluminum utensils, cement, and tile making. An important transportation center, with railways running north and south throughout the country, and highways connecting Jerusalem to the west. The Alya Airport in the south of the city is the International Air Station and the Jordanian Air Force Base.
Aqaba
The port city of Aqaba is located at the southernmost point of Jordanian territory, and is Jordan's only sea outlet. It is 300 kilometers away from the capital Amman and has been an important place for merchants in the Middle East since ancient times. It is connected to Eilat in Israel in the northwest, Saudi Arabia in the southeast, and Sinai Peninsula in Egypt across the sea in the southwest.
National symbols
national flag
The Jordanian flag is rectangular in shape, with a length to width ratio of 2:1. One side near the flagpole is a red isosceles triangle with a white seven pointed star inside; On the right side, there are parallel wide bars of black, white, and green from top to bottom. The above four colors are pan Arabic, and the white seven pointed star symbolizes the Quran. The Jordanian flag and the Palestinian flag are very similar, with the only difference being that the Jordanian flag has an additional white seven pointed star on the red triangle.
national emblem
At the center of the Jordanian national emblem is a winged Arab eagle, majestic and fierce, standing on the blue earth, symbolizing the influence of Islam throughout the world. Insert a national flag on each side of the divine eagle. The golden handle sword and golden bow and arrow record the glorious history of Jordan and the warrior spirit of the royal family; Ears of wheat and palm leaves respectively represent peace as important as food. At the bottom of the national emblem hangs a Muslim emblem, with the name of King Abdullah and the prayer "Allah will grant him happiness and help" written on a yellow ribbon. The background of the national emblem is an open red canopy with a golden border, adorned with a crown symbolizing the boundless power of the king.
national flower
Black Iris Flower
Jordan's national flower, the black iris, has adapted to sunny environments. It evolved in harsh environments and was blown by the wind to obtain a unique color that matched the black eyes of distant shepherds.
The black iris flower is shaped like a orchid, mysterious and noble. Its swaying posture in the mountain breeze is like a Middle Eastern beautiful girl covered in gauze. Underneath its cold and gorgeous appearance, it hides a fiery passion, which is confusing and dizzying. It is the national flower of Jordan. Symbolizing the royal family, hope, faith, courage, and wisdom.
population
6.63 million (as of July 2014), over 60% of whom are Palestinians, 98% of the population are Arabs, and there are also a small number of Cherks, Turkmen, and Armenians. As of August 2018, the population of Jordan is approximately 10.01 million (including Palestine, Syria, and Iraqi refugees). The national religion is Islam, with 92% of the residents belonging to Sunni Islam, and a few belonging to Shia and Druze. About 6% of the residents believe in Christianity, mainly belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church.
According to the February 2021 update on the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Jordan has a population of 10.83 million (including Palestinian, Syrian, and Iraqi refugees), with 98% of the population being Arab and a small number of Cherks, Turkmen, and Armenians.
According to the June 2022 update on the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Jordan has a population of 11.05 million (including Palestinian, Syrian, and Iraqi refugees), with 98% of the population being Arab and a small number of Cherks, Turkmen, and Armenians.
Politics
regime
Jordan is a dualistic constitutional monarchy country, with two chambers of Congress and the House of Representatives. The power is in the hands of the Hashemite family royal family headed by the king. We attach great importance to strengthening social security, adjusting domestic and foreign policies in a timely manner, promoting economic reform, improving the investment environment, and striving to develop the national economy. In 2006, Jordan continued to implement reforms and maintained overall domestic stability amidst the ongoing turbulence in the regional situation.
political situation
For most of the time after Jordan's independence, the King of Jordan was the Hussein King of the Hashemite family, a descendant of Mohammed, the founder of Islam. Jordan is located in a politically unstable place where many political forces compete: the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, Israel, various Arab countries, and a large number of Palestinian immigrants within Jordan. Amidst numerous political forces and interests, Hussein attempted to find a feasible path, and his moderate foreign policy ensured Jordan's sovereignty and unity. Although Middle Eastern countries have experienced multiple wars and turmoil during these times, Jordanian society has remained basically stable. Hussein himself was the target of multiple assassinations. In 1989, he resumed the parliamentary elections in Jordan; In 1994, he signed a peace treaty with Israel.
According to current Jordanian law, although members of parliament are elected, they tend to support the government, including members of tribes loyal to the king.
In January 2011, opposition political parties in Jordan began protesting and demanding thorough economic and political reforms.
In June 2011, King Abdullah stated in a televised speech that
