Syria
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2023-05-12 14:52:57
Syria
Syria
Syria, full name Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهوريّة العربيّة السّوريّة ； English: The Syrian Arab Republic; French: La R é publicque arabe syrienne, located in western Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, with a total land area (including the Golan Heights) of 185180 square kilometers. It borders Türkiye in the north, Iraq in the east, Jordan in the south, Lebanon and Israel in the southwest, and Cyprus across the Mediterranean Sea in the west. The capital, Damascus, has a population of 19.29 million by 2022, of which more than 80% are Arabs. The country is divided into 14 provinces and cities，sports fitness .
Syria had a primitive city-state state as early as 3000 BC, and since the 8th century BC, it has been ruled by the Assyrian Empire, Macedonian Empire, Roman Empire, Arab Empire, European Crusaders, Egyptian Mamluk Dynasty, and Ottoman Empire. After World War I, it was reduced to a French commissioned territory. On April 17, 1946, it gained independence. The Arab Baath Party, led by the Assad family, has been in power since 1963. Since the beginning of 2011, there has been a prolonged conflict between the Syrian government and the Syrian opposition.
Syria is a middle-income country and an observer country of the World Trade Organization. It is located in the center of the Middle East, which is rich in oil and gas in the world. Its economic sources are mainly agriculture, oil, processing industry, and tourism. Oil is facing depletion, and its population is growing too fast. The unemployment rate is gradually increasing. In 2020, Syria's GDP was estimated to be 23 billion US dollars, a decrease of about 15% compared to 27 billion US dollars in 2019.
Syria has decided to resume its mission in Saudi Arabia
On May 9th, according to the Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Syria decided to resume the work of its embassy in Saudi Arabia based on the deep connection and common belonging of the Syrian and Saudi peoples, in order to reflect the wishes of the two peoples, and at the same time, Syria believes that strengthening bilateral relations between Arab countries is of great significance and contributes to joint Arab action.
The Syrian Arab Republic, also known as the Syrian Arab Republic, is a major city in Damascus, Asia, Homs and other National Day National Day National Anthem "Homat el Diyar" on April 17, 1946 country code SYR Official language Arabic (English and French are widely used) Currency Syrian pound Time zone UTC+2 Political system presidential system republic National leader Bashar Assad (President), Hussein Arnus (Prime Minister) Population 19.29 million (2022) Major ethnic Arabs The main religion of the Kurds is Islam (Sunni, Shia), with a land area of 185180 kilometers ² (Including about 1200 square kilometers of the Golan Heights occupied by Israel) Water area ratio 1.1% GDP Total $24 billion (2019) Per capita GDP $870 (2019) international call area code 963 Abbreviation of international domain name. sy Road traffic Right driving national flower Anemone quinquefolia (Ranunculaceae) Geographic highest point Heimen Mountain (2814 meters) Longest river Euphrates River Largest lake Assad Lake Major universities Damascus University, Aleppo University, etc
Historical evolution
Main entry: Syrian history
Ancient History
Syria is a country with a long history and ancient civilization. In the early Paleolithic, there were primitive humans in Syria. Around the 4th millennium BC, the residents there began to settle and use bronze ware. In the first three millennia, Syria was in transition from a Primitive Society to a slavery society, and a number of slave city states centered on commercial cities emerged.
Samic civilization period
From 3000 to 1000 BC, the nomadic Saim people of the Arabian Peninsula made three major migrations to Syria and its surrounding areas. In the last few hundred years of 3000 BC, the Amores among the Saim people entered Syria and established many small kingdoms, forming Syria's first Saminization. Before and after the 2nd millennium, the second large group of Sams who migrated to Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine were Canaanites. They established some independent city states on the east coast and inland of the Mediterranean, creating Canaanite culture.
In 2000 years ago, Syria entered the Iron Age. At that time, there was a group of Canaanites living in the central part of the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, namely the Phoenicians, who developed maritime trade and promoted economic and cultural exchanges among countries along the Mediterranean coast; Simultaneously created Phoenician script with 22 consonant letters, making a great contribution to world culture.
From 2000 BC to the middle of 2000 BC, the third group of Sams who migrated to Syria were Aramaic. The cities they built, such as Hama and Damascus, and the Aramaic characters they used are valuable heritage of Syrian culture. There are also Hiksos, Julians, Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrian people, Chaldeans and Persians entering and competing for Syria.
In 1500 years ago, the Julians established the Mitanni Kingdom. In the 14th century, Mitanni's national strength reached its peak, occupying southeast Anatolia, northern Syria and northern Mesopotamia Plain. In the Amarna era of the 16th to 13th centuries BC, Syria became the main battlefield for foreign forces such as Egypt and Hittite to compete, and the relatively strong Mitani Kingdom in Syria was ultimately destroyed by foreign powers.
Nearly a century after 1200 years ago, the demise of Hittite and the withdrawal of Egypt from Canaan region made the small kingdom of Syria lose external military protection and economic assistance. In addition to the survival of the new Hittite city states such as Kakhmeish in the north and the city states in the Phoenician region, the Syrian kingdoms have successively perished, marking the end of the Bronze Age in Syria with the rule of the royal palace as its basic feature. This period was also the most creative development stage of ancient Syrian civilization, during which its three creative contributions to human civilization - the monotheistic belief system, the dissemination of alphabets, and exploration of the Western Mediterranean region - all emerged and developed.
Starting from the 9th century BC, Assyria revived again and entered the New Assyrian period, also known as the Assyrian Empire period (900 BC -612 BC). The Assyrian Empire began to expand eastward during the reign of Ashur Nasirpa II (883-859 BC), conquering the Syrian region westward and expanding its territory all the way to the Mediterranean coast.
In 539 BC, King Cyrus the Great of Persia entered the city of Babylon and liberated the Jews known as the "Babylonian prisoners", ushering in a new era of extraterritorial civilization invading the Syrian region. From 550 BC to 330 BC, the Syrian region belonged to the territory of the Achaemenid dynasty of the ancient Persian Empire, and there was basically no war.
Hellenistic period
In 333 BC, Alexander the Great defeated the army of the Persian Empire and occupied Syria. After Alexander's expedition, the Syrian region was brought under the rule of the Greek Macedonians, and the "Hellenization" process of the region began.
After Alexander's early death, from Persia to eastern Syria, he was inherited by Seleucid I and established the Seleucid Dynasty, also known as the Syrian Dynasty in history. The Chinese history of the Syrian region is known as the Tiaozhi. In the era of Seleucid Kingdom (312-64 BC), Greek culture and Sami culture infiltrated each other to form a Hellenistic Syrian culture, which provided an important source for the formation of Arab culture. During the Alexander Seleucid period, the unification of currency in the Syrian region, the establishment of post stations, and the construction of roads further strengthened its position as a commercial center.
The ancient Seleucid Dynasty gradually declined, and its control scope was limited to the northwest region of Syria with Antiochus as the core. The control of Phoenicia, Decapolis and other city states existed in name only, and there were also independent kingdoms such as Emesa, Comagenai, Hasmoni, Itulian Nabatai and so on in this region.
In 64 BC, Rome annexed Syria. During the Roman rule, there were Arab states established by the Palmyrans in Syria. In 106 AD, Emperor Turajin's annexation of the Kingdom of Nabatai marked the complete end of the previous indirect rule model relying on "vassal kings", replacing the political structure of small kingdoms, city-state alliances, or tribes with a provincial system.
From the 2nd to the 3rd century, the Palmyrans played an active intermediary role in East West trade. In 272, Palmyra was destroyed by the Eastern Roman Empire.
In 224, the Sassanid dynasty was established, and the Roman Empire took advantage of its dynastic changes to completely occupy the Syrian region. After King Shapur I of Sassanne (reigned 239-272) ascended the throne, he launched multiple offensives against Rome and recaptured the important Syrian town of Antioch. After Hoslu II (reigned from 591 to 628) succeeded to the throne, he launched a war against Byzantium in 602, completely placing the Syrian region under his control, and the reign of the Sassanian Persian Empire reached its peak.
Arab period
The two sides of Byzantium and Sassanian Persia fought hundreds of times, and the Syrian region has always been the center of the vortex of war. The vitality of Sassanopos was greatly weakened during the long war, and in 651, Sassanopos was destroyed by the Arab army.
In 636, Caliph Omar I conquered Syria. The establishment of Arab rule over Syria was a major turning point in Syrian history. In 661, Syrian Governor Muaviyeh seized power and became known as King I, establishing the capital of Damascus and establishing the Umayyad dynasty of the Arab Empire (661-750). During his rule, the feudal relations of production in Syria further developed, and various cultural origins began to converge.
During the Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258), although the center of the empire had been transferred to Baghdad, Syria still played an important role in creating brilliant Arab Islamic culture.
In the second half of the 9th century, the Abbasid dynasty declined. Afterwards, the Tulun dynasty, the Ihshd dynasty, the Hamdan dynasty, the Fatimid dynasty, the Seljuk Empire, the Crusaders, the Zangi dynasty, the Ayyub dynasty (1171-1260), the Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517), and the Ilkhanids successively occupied or ruled Syria.
From the 11th century to the 13th century, the Syrian people took an active part in the war of Saladin to stop the Crusade invasion and Baibers to repel the Mongol attack, making contributions to protecting the Arab people from the long-term persecution of foreigners and defending Arab Islamic culture.
During the Mamluk dynasty, the plague ravaged Egypt and Syria for a century and a half. There were 18 severe outbreaks of the Black Death in Syria and Palestine, with an average outbreak occurring once every 9 and a half years from 1348 to 1517. The spread of the Black Death not only causes problems such as a sharp decline in population, economic recession, insufficient supply of Mamluk troops, and a decline in military combat effectiveness, but also directly or indirectly leads to a series of social structural changes.
Ottoman period
Main term: Arab nationalism
In 1516, Syria was included in the Ottoman Empire, which had once crossed Europe, Asia, and Africa, until the end of World War I in 1918. The Ottoman government oppressed the Syrian people in politics, plundered the Syrian people in economy, and implemented the obscurantism in culture. After the 18th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, foreign capital invaded Syria in large quantities. At the end of the 18th century, French capital had a absolute advantage in major Syrian cities. The invasion of foreign capital led to the emergence of capitalism in Syria in the 19th century. From 1831 to 1840, Muhammad Ali, the governor of Egypt who was nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, occupied Syria for 10 years.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Arab cultural revival movement led by Syrian national bourgeoisie intellectuals flourished in Syria and Lebanon. Representative figures include Bustani, Abdul Rahman Kawakibi, and others. The cultural renaissance movement stimulated the national consciousness of the Arab people and paved the way for the Arab national liberation movement. Some secret nationalist organizations have been established one after another, such as the "Youth Arab Association" and the "Covenant Society". Damascus became the center of the Arab national movement.
During the First World War, the Syrian people suffered even more severe disasters. The military authorities of the Ottoman Empire forced the Syrian people to act as cannon fodder and brutally suppressed patriotic elements. In June 1916, Sharif Hussein of Mecca held an anti Turkish uprising. Hussein's third son, Faisal, led his army northward from the Arabian Peninsula, collaborating with the British army, and a large number of Syrians participated in the battle.
In October 1918, Faisal captured Syria and established an Arab government in Damascus, ending the feudal military rule of the Ottoman Empire in Syria that lasted for over 300 years. Afterwards, the coastal areas of Lebanon and Syria were controlled by France, and the Syrian interior from Aqaba to Aleppo was controlled by Faisal's army.
The period of French rule
Main entry: Battle of Mercelon, Syrian Uprising
In July 1919, the first Syrian National Assembly was held in Damascus. The conference demands recognition of Syria, including Palestine, as an independent sovereign state, rejects the Six-Pico Agreement and the Belfort Declaration, and rejects the proposed mandate rule. The Paris Peace Conference turned a deaf ear to this.
In March 1920, the Second Syrian National Assembly declared Syria's independence and appointed Faisal as king. In April, the Supreme Council of the Allied Powers held a meeting in San Remo, deciding that Syria and Lebanon would be governed by France. On July 14th, French Commander H. - J. - E. Guro issued an ultimatum to Faisal to unconditionally accept the French mandate. Then, the French army advanced towards Damascus. The Syrian military and civilians engaged in a fierce battle with the French army in Meselon. On the 25th, the French army entered Damascus, deposed Faisal, and Syria and Lebanon fell into the hands of France. [2] In 1923, northern Syria was transferred to Türkiye through the Treaty of Lausanne.
In order to divide the anti French forces, the French colonial authorities divided Syria and Lebanon into several independent zones. The French High Commissioner dominates everything, and local government is fully controlled by the High Commissioner's representatives and pro French elements. The colonial authorities stirred up religious and ethnic disputes, banned political parties, severely suppressed patriots, and forced Syrians to learn French. In some areas, Arabic was banned. French capital controls the lifeline of Syria's national economy, extracting a large amount of benefits, leading to a decline in Syrian production and destitution of the people. The Syrian people fought bravely against French colonizers, and armed uprisings continued throughout the country. Especially the National Uprising led by Atrash and Abdul Rahman Shahbandar from 1925 to 1927 dealt a heavy blow to the French rulers (see Syrian Uprising). In order to ease the anti French struggle of the Syrian people, the French rulers repeatedly resorted to deceptive tactics such as recognizing Syrian independence, implementing the constitution, and establishing an autonomous government, such as the signing of the "Franco Syrian Treaty" in 1936. In 1936, Latakia and Jabal Druz merged into Syria. On September 2, 1938, Alec Sandretta became independent as the Republic of Hatay, which was incorporated into Türkiye the following year.
In 1939, France took advantage of the tense situation that was about to erupt during World War II to abolish the constitution and restore military rule over Syria. In June 1940, the Vichy government of France surrendered, and Syria and Lebanon were under German control. From June to July 1941, British troops and De Gaulle's Free France troops entered Syria and Lebanon, driving away German fascist forces. In September, the French commander-in-chief, Jadru, declared Syria's independence.
In July 1943, Syria restored its constitution, held parliamentary elections, and established its own government. On January 1, 1944,
