Austria [à o d ì l ì]
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2023-04-03 14:01:28
Austria [à o d ì l ì]
Austria [à o d ì l ì]
The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Ö sterreich, English: The Republic of Austria), abbreviated as "Austria", is a landlocked country in the southern part of Central Europe. It borders Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west, and Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, covering an area of 83879 square kilometers. It belongs to a temperate broad-leaved forest climate with a transition from marine to continental nature. The average temperature is - 2 ℃ in January and 19 ℃ in July. The country is divided into nine states, with Vienna as the capital. As of April 1, 2022, Austria had a population of 9.02 million， sports fitness .
In 996, "Austria" was first mentioned in historical records. In the middle of the 12th century, under the rule of the Babenburg family, a principality was formed and became an independent country. In 1278, the Habsburg dynasty began to rule for 640 years. At the beginning of the 18th century, the territory of the Habsburg dynasty expanded unprecedentedly. After the Vienna Conference in 1815, the German Confederacy headed by Austria was established. In 1866, Austria was defeated in the Franco Austrian War and the Confederacy was dissolved. In 1867, it signed a contract with Hungary to establish the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After the end of World War I in 1918, the empire disintegrated and a republic was established. It was annexed by Germany in March 1938. After World War II, it was occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, and France. The Second Republic was established in April 1945. In May 1955, the four occupying powers signed the "Treaty on the Reconstruction of an Independent and Democratic Austrian State" with Austria, declaring respect for Austria's sovereignty and independence. In October, the occupying forces withdrew and Austria regained its independence. On October 26th, the Austrian National Assembly passed permanent legislation declaring that it would not participate in any military alliance and would not allow the establishment of foreign military bases on its territory. Since 1965, October 26th has been designated as the National Day of Austria.
The main economic data for 2021 are as follows: GDP: 403.4 billion euros. Per capita GDP: 45043 euros. GDP growth rate:+4.5%.
Chinese name: Republic of Austria Foreign name: German: Republik Ö sterreich
English: The Republic of Austria is abbreviated as Austria, the European capital of Austria, the main cities of Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Saint Palten, and other national days. On October 26, 1955, the national anthem "Let's Hold Hands", national code AUT, official language, German currency, euro time zone, UTC+1 political system, parliamentary system, republican system, national leader Alexander van der Belen (President) Karl Nekhamer (Prime Minister) Population: 9.02 million (as of April 1, 2022) Population density: 107.54 people/km2 (as of April 1, 2022) Main ethnic group: Austrians Main religion: Catholic land area: 83879 km ² Water area ratio: 1.7% GDP: 403.4 billion euros (2021) per capita GDP: 45043 euros (2021) International phone area code: 43 International domain name abbreviation: at Road access: drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right; drive right
Historical evolution
Main entry: Austrian history
According to archaeological discoveries, human activities had already occurred in Austria during the Paleolithic Age.
Wien Palace
From about 750 to 450 BC, this area belonged to the early Iron Age, where the Illyrians created a higher level of Halstadt culture.
Around 400 BC, several Celtic tribes were active in this area. In 15 BC, the Roman Empire occupied the Celtic kingdom of Noricum and established it as a province.
After the decline of the Roman Empire, Austria was successively occupied by the Huns, Lombards, East Goths, West Goths, Avars, Bavarians, and Franks. A group of Slavic tribes migrated to the Alps and occupied the central and eastern regions of present-day Austria, establishing the kingdom of Calatania.
The division of the Charlie Empire
Charlemagne conquered the area in 788 AD, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. Later, the Charlemagne Empire was divided into three parts, and the Eastern Franks, including the Austrian region, were inherited by the Babenburg dynasty. The area is known as "Marchia Orientalis" (meaning "Oriental Frontier Leader") and was given to Leopold in Babenburg in 976.
The name Austria first appeared in the records in 1996, when it was written as Ostarr î chi to denote the frontier areas of the Babenburg dynasty. The small privilege of 1156 elevated Austria to a principality; In 1192, the Babenburg dynasty acquired the Principality of Styria. After the death of Frederick II of Austria in 1246, the Babenburg dynasty lost its descendants, and Austria fell into the hands of Przemir Otoka II of Bohemia. However, in 1278, Ottoka II was defeated by Rudolf I of Germany in the Battle of Frontier Leadership. From then on, until the end of World War I, Austria was ruled by the Habsburg family.
The Habsburg family actively expanded its territory in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1526, Austria acquired Hungary, which was not occupied by the Bohemian and Ottoman empires, and friction between the two empires increased day by day. In the Battle of Vienna on September 12, 1683, Austria combined with reinforcements from Poland to defeat the Ottoman Empire troops that had besieged Vienna for two months. This battle prevented the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into central and western Europe, and maintained the hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty in central Europe; The subsequent series of military operations led to the signing of the Treaty of Karlovski in 1699, and Austria gained the entire territory of Hungary. From then on until the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Habsburg family became synonymous with the Holy Roman Empire.
With the rise of Prussia, Austria began a long-term struggle with Prussia for German regional hegemony. At the same time, Austria, together with Prussia and Russia, participated in the partition of Poland twice (the first and third times).
In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire collapsed, and two years ago, Franz I (Emperor Franz II of the Holy Roman Empire) declared himself emperor of the Austrian Empire, ruling over the hereditary territory of the Habsburg dynasty centered around Austria.
In 1867, in order to defuse the impact of Austria's defeat in the 1866 Prussian Austrian War on the empire, the Habsburg dynasty was forced to compromise with the powerful Hungarian nobles within the empire, announcing that the Austrian Empire would be changed into the so-called communist confederation, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Hungarian region would theoretically be upgraded to a kingdom within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, And has its own king (during the half century of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Hungarian king has always been held concurrently by the Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), parliament, and customs system; This situation remained until the end of the First World War.
In 1908, the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the Sarajevo incident of 1914, which became the fuse of World War I.
The Austria-Hungary Empire, which was defeated in World War I, was divided into several small countries, with a portion of formerly Netanya becoming the First Republic of Austria (known as "Germany Austria" for the 11 months from October 21, 1918 to September 21, 1919), and was prohibited from merging with Germany (the then Weimar Republic). In 1938, Nazi Germany achieved the annexation of Austria by Germany, which ruled Austria for seven years before the end of World War II.
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, Austria was occupied by the Allied and Soviet armies respectively, until the Austrian National Treaty was signed in 1955. After Austria declared itself a permanent neutral country, the armies of the countries occupying Austria gradually withdrew, and Austria finally gained independence and became today's second republic of Austria.
After the collapse of the communist regime in Eastern Europe in 1989, Austria gradually participated in more European integration processes, and joined the European Union in 1995 and the euro area in 1999.
geographical environment
Regional Location
Austria is a landlocked country in southern Central Europe. It borders Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west, and Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, covering an area of 83879 square kilometers.
topographic features
The western and southern parts of Austria are mountainous areas (the Alps), while the northern and northeastern parts are plains and hilly areas, with 47% of the area covered by forests.
Climatic characteristics
Austria has a temperate broad-leaved forest climate that is transitioning from marine to continental, with different climates in the east and west. The west, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, exhibits the characteristics of a marine climate, with small temperature differences and abundant rainfall; The eastern region has a continental climate with relatively large temperature differences and much less rainfall. The average temperature is - 2 ℃ in January and 19 ℃ in July. In summer, the temperature in July is mostly between 14 and 19 degrees Celsius, and the highest temperature is only 32 degrees Celsius. Winter is relatively cold, with temperatures generally reaching below zero degrees Celsius.
Editing and broadcasting of natural resources
Minerals mainly include graphite, magnesium, lignite, iron, oil, natural gas, etc. Rich in forest and water resources, with a forest area of 3.75 million hectares and a forest coverage rate of 44.7%. The timber storage volume is 1.135 billion cubic meters.
