France
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2023-04-07 13:57:21
France
France
La R é publicque fran ç aise, also known as France, is located in western Europe with its capital, Paris. It is bordered to the north by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and Switzerland, to the east by Italy and Monaco, to the south by Spain and Andorra, and to the northwest by the English Channel. Marine, continental, Mediterranean, and mountainous climates coexist. The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The total area is 550000 square kilometers (excluding overseas territories), with a coastline of 2700 kilometers and a land line of 2800 kilometers. The local area is divided into 13 major regions and 94 provinces. As of January 2022, the total population is 65.63 million (excluding overseas territories), mainly French, mostly Catholic, and the official language is French，sports fitness .
France, formerly known as "Gaul", was occupied by the Romans in the 1st century AD and immigrated here by the Franks in the 5th century. In the 10th to 14th centuries, during the reign of the Capetian dynasty, it was renamed the Kingdom of France. On July 14, 1789, the French Revolution broke out, and the Declaration of Human Rights was issued, abolishing the monarchy. In 1792, the First Republic was established. Afterwards, it went through the First Empire established by Napoleon, the Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty, the July Dynasty, the Second Republic, the Second Empire, and the Third Republic. In March 1871, the Paris People's Armed Uprising established the Paris Commune. In World War I, France joined the Allied Powers and won the battle against them. During World War II, it was invaded by Germany. In August 1944, Paris was liberated. In October 1946, the Fourth Republic of France was established. In 1958, the Fifth Republic was established, with Charles de Gaulle as the first president.
France is one of the most developed industrial countries, leading the world in nuclear power, aviation, aerospace, and railways. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a founding member of the European Union, and a member of NATO; It is the headquarters of international and regional organizations such as UNESCO, Interpol, OECD, and the European Parliament. In 2021, France's GDP was $2.94 trillion, with a per capita GDP of $43518.
Immigrant ethnic group
Why is France the most African like European country?
Immigration not only brings development impetus to France, but also causes many social contradictions. What is the reason why France has gradually become the "most African like European country"? What profound impacts have the immigrant ethnic groups with significant cultural and skin color differences between North and West Africa brought to French society details
Content from
Chinese name French Republic [1] Foreign name La R é publique fran ç aise (French) [1]
The French Republic (English) [1] is referred to as Paris, the European capital of the French continent [1] Major cities Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nice, Nantes, Strasbourg, Montpellier Lille et al. [1] National Day July 14 [1] National Anthem "Marseillaise" [1] country code FRA official language French [1] Currency Euro [1] Time zone UTC+1 political system semi presidential semi parliamentary system [1] National leaders Emmanuel Makron (President), Elizabeth Borne (Prime Minister) Population 65.63 million (January 2022, excluding overseas territories) [1] Population density 123.3 people/square kilometers (2021) [4] Major ethnic groups Franciscans Brittany, Corsicans, Alsatians [1] main religion Catholicism [1] land area 550000 km ² (Excluding overseas territories) [1] The water area rate is 0.26%, and the GDP totals US $2.94 trillion (2021) [21] Per capita GDP is US $43518.5 (2021) [21] international call area code 33 Abbreviation of international domain name. fr Road traffic keeps right, national bird Gallus Gallus, skylark national flower root, iris national stone pearl, national motto, Liberté, égalité, fraternité, single national structure, central bank, Bank of France, large enterprises, Peugeot, Citroen, Renault and other major universities, the University of Paris Famous attractions of Sorbonne University: Notre Dame Cathedral, Eiffel Tower, Palace of Versailles, Louvre
Historical evolution
Gaul period
Prehistoric and Gaul period (before the 5th century AD)
In ancient times, humans lived on the land of France. So far, quite systematic human cultural relics have been found in France from the Paleolithic Age to the Iron Age, including human jaw fossils from 300000 to 400000 years ago, human sculpture and animal murals from caves in Lascaux and other places in southwest France 20000 years ago, giant stone tombstones and earth graves in Brittany 3000 to 4000 years ago in western France, as well as various production tools and artistic creations.
Around 1000 BC, the Celts migrated from the mountainous areas of Central Europe to settle here. The Romans referred to the area as Gaul and the local residents as Gauls.
The great migration of the Germanic people had an impact on the development of Gaul. In 418, the Visigoths established a kingdom in Aquitaine.
In 443, the Burgundians established kingdoms in the Sohn and Long rivers, and the British occupied present-day Brittany.
In 451, the Hungarians invaded Gaul under the leadership of Attila and were later defeated by a coalition of Roman and barbarian forces, including the Franks. Gaul is completely under the control of the barbarian kings. In the late 5th century AD, the Franks who settled between the Meuse River and the Esco River, under the leadership of King Clovis I (see Frankish Kingdom), launched a large-scale westward invasion and successively defeated the Roman military chief Ciagrius, the Alemannians, and the Visigoths.
In 481, the Franks occupied all Gauls except for the Kingdom of Burgundy and the Mediterranean coast, and moved to Paris to establish the Frankish Kingdom.
Early Middle Ages
5th to 10th centuries
This period included two dynasties: the Merovian dynasty and the Carolingian dynasty.
Charlemagne Empire
The Merovian dynasty was the first dynasty of the Frankish kingdom. In 481 AD, Clovis I, the grandson of Melovin, defeated the influence of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul and officially established the dynasty.
At the beginning of the 8th century, the competition between East and West Franks was particularly fierce. Charles, the Prime Minister of the Eastern Frankish Palace, restored order in the north. In 732, he repelled the Arab invasion in Poitiers and reunited the Frankish Kingdom. In 751, his son Pippin (reigned 751-768) officially ascended to the throne with the support of the Pope, establishing the Carolingian dynasty.
In 768, Charlemagne, the son of Pippin, succeeded to the throne. During his reign, he went on consecutive expeditions to Italy, Spain, Germany, and other regions. By 800 AD, he had placed the vast areas of Western Europe under the previous Roman Empire under his control and was crowned by the Pope, with Charlemagne becoming the Western emperor.
In 843, the Treaty of Verdun was signed. The Charlemagne Empire was divided into three parts, of which the Kingdom of West France evolved into France.
During the 500 years from Clovis to Hugo Capel, barbarian invasions and internal and external wars continued. The prevalence of feudal natural economy, the expansion of lords' power, and the strengthening of aristocratic centrifugal tendencies and independence have led to a long-term situation of backward production, feudal separatism, and national disunity.
Middle Paleozoic
10-15th century
This period includes the Capetian dynasty (987-1328) and the Valois dynasty (1328-1589).
In the middle of the Middle Ages, agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce developed in France. The population gradually increased, reaching approximately 16 million by the 1420s. Many emerging cities have emerged in transportation hubs and markets. Since the 11th century, some cities have launched commune movements and gained autonomy through armed uprisings or monetary redemption. With the rise of cities, a new social class emerged - the citizen class, which became the Third Estate different from the privileged class (clergy, nobility). The development of commodity currency relations has strengthened domestic economic ties and created favorable conditions for national unity.
In the early days of the Capetian dynasty, the territory directly controlled by the royal family was limited to between the Seine and Loire rivers, and the major principalities and principalities relied on their power to establish separate kingdoms. During the reign of Philip IV (1286-1314), the administration of officials was strengthened and the army was reorganized. However, there was a conflict with the Pope due to his insistence on collecting property taxes from the church.
In 1328, after the death of Charles IV, due to the fact that the Cappe family had no male heir, Philip VI, a subsidiary of the Cappe family, succeeded to the throne and established the Valois dynasty. In 1337, the Hundred Years' War broke out between Britain and France.
In 1358, the Zachary Uprising occurred again in the north of Paris. In the later period of the war, national hero Joan emerged. Although she was betrayed and killed, the trend of national unity was unstoppable. In 1453, the "Hundred Years' War" ended with the victory of France.
By the end of the 15th century, the last few noble territories - Burgundy, Picardy, Brittany, Provence, and Roussillon - were also incorporated into the territory of the Kingdom of France.
Late Middle Paleozoic
16th to 18th centuries
Louis XIV
This period was an important period of transition for France from feudal society to capitalist society. The latter half of this period is known as the "old system" in French history.
From the 16th century, French capitalist relations of production began to sprout and develop. The opening of the new route shifted the focus of France's foreign trade from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, and from the 17th century onwards, France expanded its colonies to North America, Central America, Africa, and India.
In the first half of the 16th century, the wounds of the Hundred Years' War between England and France had not yet healed. Francis I and Henry II of the Valois dynasty launched another war of aggression against Italy and competed with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for land on the German French border, thus opening the prelude to the long-term struggle for hegemony between France and the Habsburg family.
In 1559, the Italian War ended and France gained control of the three dioceses of Calais and Metz, Tours, and Verdun. In 1589, the first king of the Bourbon dynasty, Henry IV (reigned from 1589 to 1610), succeeded to the throne and made every effort to restore peace and recuperate. After being reorganized by bishops Richelieu and Mazarin, France's authoritarian monarchy reached its peak during the reign of Louis XIV.
France in the 17th to 18th centuries
Louis XIV strengthened feudal centralized rule and greatly weakened the power of local nobles. Promote the development of capitalist industry and commerce. At the same time, the long-term war between Louis XIV and the Habsburg family extended the eastern frontier of France to Strasbourg. During the reign of Louis XV of France (1715-1774), although the economy developed, the autocratic monarchy declined gradually.
In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne, and the bourgeoisie increasingly felt that their political status and economic strength were becoming increasingly disproportionate. They were extremely dissatisfied with the checkpoint system, guild regulations, and unfair taxation system, particularly opposing the privileges of nobles and clergy. The Enlightenment movement representing the interests of the bourgeoisie flourished, attacking the Catholic Church and authoritarian monarchy, spreading scientific knowledge, and promoting democracy, freedom, equality, and rationality. The feudalism of France was in serious crisis.
