Ireland
Views : 595
2023-04-07 14:02:33
Ireland
Ireland
Irish Life: Good Wine, Good Dishes, Hospitality for Friends from Home, Fate is a Wonderful Thing
Ireland (Irish: É irinn, English: Ireland) is located in the central southern part of the island of Ireland in western Europe. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean, to the northeast is Northern Ireland, and to the east is the island of Great Britain across the Irish Sea. The coastline is 3169 kilometers long. Temperate marine climate. The average temperature is 3.2 ℃ in February and 16.2 ℃ in August, covering an area of 70000 square kilometers. The country is divided into 26 counties, 3 county-level cities, and 2 city counties, with Dublin as the capital. In 2021, Ireland had a population of 5.01 million， sports fitness .
The Irish belong to Celts and are the descendants of the first generation of residents on the European continent. They were invaded by England in 1169. The King of England became the King of Ireland in 1541. In 1916, the Easter Uprising against the rule of the British Empire broke out in Dublin. On December 6, 1921, the two sides signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Britain was forced to allow 26 counties in southern Ireland to establish the Irish Free State, but the 6 counties in the north still belong to Britain and become what is now Northern Ireland, In 1937, Ireland declared the establishment of a republic and independence, but remained within the Commonwealth. On December 21, 1948, it seceded from the Commonwealth and became a permanent neutral state through the constitution. On April 18, 1949, Britain recognized Ireland's independence
In 2020, Ireland's economy grew by 3.4% year on year, making it one of the few EU economies to maintain positive economic growth in the context of the COVID-19. Its GDP reached 351 billion euros, with a per capita GDP of 70500 euros.
Chinese name Irish foreign name Ireland's main city of Dublin, the European capital of the continent to which Ireland belongs, Cork, Limerick, Galway and other national holidays March 17 National anthem "Song of the Warrior" country code IRL official language Irish, English currency Euro time zone UTC political system parliamentary republic national leader Michael Higgins (President) Leo Varadka (Prime Minister) [14] Population 5.01 million (2021) Population density 71.7 people/square kilometer (2020) [9] Main ethnic group Irish main religion Catholic land area 70000 km ² Water area ratio 2% GDP totaled 351 billion euros (2020) GDP per capita 70500 euros (2020) international call area code 353 international domain name abbreviation. ie Road traffic keep left driving national motto "forever Ireland" alias "European tiger", "emerald green island" national flower clover national bird oyster snipe largest city Dublin climate temperate marine climate phonetic transcription ˋ ㄦ ˊ ㄌㄢ ˊ Higher education institutions such as the University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, National College of Ireland, etc
Historical evolution
Main entry: Irish history
Around 7000 BC, a group of hunters arrived on the island of Ireland from Great Britain and became the earliest settlers. Then came the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age civilizations.
In the 6th century BC, the Celts successively invaded Ireland from Central Europe, gradually forming a unified writing and language, establishing at least five small kingdoms and becoming the ancestors of modern Irish people, but failing to form a unified country.
In 432, Saint Patrick came here to spread Christianity and Roman culture. After the 9th century, it was constantly invaded by Vikings from around Norway.
Ireland
From 1169 to 1171, Richard de Claire, the second generation Earl of Pembroke under Henry II, led the army to invade and won a decisive victory in the siege of Dublin.
In 1542, King Henry VIII of England became the king of Ireland, and since 1560, there have been wars against British colonization in many parts of Ireland. After the British Civil War, the British gradually encroached on Ireland's territory and sovereignty.
In 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain were unified, and Ireland was merged into England.
In 1845, the potato harvest failure caused the Great Irish Famine. The British government did not provide much assistance when it was able to import food from the Americas. As a result, the population of Ireland was reduced by a quarter, which made many Irish people dissatisfied with Britain. The Irish independence movement began.
In 1916, Dublin erupted with the "Easter Uprising" against Britain.
In 1919, the majority of Irish legislators elected in the 1918 general election refused to serve in the British House of Commons. They formed the Irish Parliament (D á il É ireann) and issued a unilateral declaration of independence in January 1919 under the name of the independent "Republic of Ireland". At that time, Ireland was not recognized internationally, but after the Anglo Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence), representatives of the two sides reached a Anglo-Irish Treaty, giving Ireland legal autonomy, that is, the status of a self-governing dominion. Ireland established the Irish Free State, covering the entire island of Ireland, but the treaty allowed the six northern counties (i.e. Northern Ireland) not to participate in the Irish Free State. The Constitution of the Irish Free State also stipulates that Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. The King of Ireland is also the King of England. At the same time, the position of Governor is set up. The Parliament adopts a bicameral system, establishes an "Executive Committee" (i.e. the Cabinet), and sets up the position of Chairman of the Executive Committee.
On December 6, 1921, Britain was forced to allow 26 counties in the southern part of the country to establish a "Free State", while the six counties in the northern part still belonged to Britain.
On December 29, 1937, Ireland adopted a new Irish Constitution (Irish: Bunreacht na h É ireann), officially naming the country "Ireland" (Irish: É ire), declaring love as a sovereign, independent, and democratic country that remained within the Commonwealth. The position of President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtar á in na h é ireann) was established, but the king continued to be a symbol of the Irish state internationally under written law.
The Republic of Ireland Act passed on April 1, 1949 finally abolished the monarchy, and entrusted all the powers of the king to the President, making Ireland a republic. According to Article 4 of the Irish Constitution, "Ireland" is the name of the country, and Articles 2 and 3 declare that Ireland also has sovereignty over Northern Ireland (which was abolished in 1999). Therefore, the Republic of Ireland generally refers to itself as "iree" in the diplomatic field (such as the Irish Constitution and the President of Ireland). However, due to the actual exercise of sovereignty by the UK over the six northern counties, many countries avoid directly using the term ''eire' to accommodate Northern Ireland's stance and avoid the suspicion of favoritism.
In April 1949, Ireland automatically withdrew from the Commonwealth after announcing the establishment of a republic. Although Ireland did not reapply to join the Commonwealth, it retained the rights of many member states and enjoyed special status in the UK. On April 18, 1949, Britain recognized its independence, but the six northern counties still belonged to Britain.
In 1955, Ireland joined the United Nations and collaborated with the UK to resolve the issue of violent conflict in Northern Ireland. The Good Friday Agreement adopted by Irish and Northern Irish voters in 1998 is being implemented.
geographical environment
Regional location
Ireland is located in the central southern part of the island of Ireland in western Europe, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Northern Ireland to the northeast, and facing the UK across the Irish Sea to the east. The country covers an area of 70000 square kilometers.
topographic features
Satellite image of Ireland
The central part of Ireland is a plain with many lakes and swamps, with an average elevation of about 100 meters. The north, northwest, and south are plateau and mountainous areas. The central part is composed of hills and plains, while the coastal areas are mostly highlands; The longest river, Abha na Sionaine, is about 370 kilometers long, and the largest lake is Loch Koilib.
The island of Ireland is 475 kilometers long from north to south and 275 kilometers wide from east to west. The total area of the island is 84000 square kilometers, of which 5/6 belongs to the Republic of Ireland. The land of Ireland is composed of the central plains and surrounding coastal mountains, resembling a basin with steep edges, high in the north and low in the middle; The central plain accounts for more than half of the total area of the country, with an altitude of 30-120 meters and low hills ranging from 200 to 300 meters. This area is covered with lush forests and green spaces, making it an ideal grassland pasture.
The eastern and northern mountain ranges have an altitude of 700-900 meters, while the southern mountain ranges have an altitude of 700-1000 meters; The cliffs along the southwest coast are steep and rocky. There are many caves and underground currents in the mountains; The coastal mountainous areas have been eroded for a long time, and the mountains are divided into wide valleys, which is conducive to transportation between the mainland and the coastal areas. The coastline of Ireland is over 3000 kilometers long, and its eastern coast is relatively flat, lacking natural harbors; The coastline of the western and southern regions is crisscrossed, undulating and highly variable.
Topographic map of Ireland
The entire island is surrounded by small hills, with a relatively low central area, which is a low land crisscrossed by rivers and lakes. The Shannon River is the longest river, while the rest are short and small. The entire island is divided into two parts, north and south, by the east-west direction of the An Life River. West Karantuuel Mountain is the highest point in the country (at an altitude of 1041 meters). The harbors along the Atlantic coast are winding and deep, with many excellent ports. The east bank is relatively straight.
Climatic characteristics
Ireland has a temperate marine climate, with no significant differences in the four seasons. The temperature varies little across the country, with mild and humid winters and warm and dry summers. The annual average temperature ranges from 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, with an average of 3.2 degrees Celsius in February and 16.2 degrees Celsius in August. There are many cloudy and rainy days, with an average annual rainfall of 800-1200 millimeters. Sunny weather accounts for about 1/5 of the year.
natural resources
Ireland's main mineral resources include natural gas, peat, copper, lead, graphite, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, etc.
Ireland has abundant reserves of lead and zinc mines and is the largest producer of lead and zinc in Europe. Zinc production accounts for 4.3% of the world's total, lead production accounts for 2% of the world's total, and peat is widely distributed, accounting for approximately 13% of the national area. The estimated natural gas reserves are 38.2 billion cubic meters. 70% of its energy needs depend on imports.
