Italy
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2023-04-10 15:06:48
Italy
Italy
The Republic of Italy, abbreviated as Italy, has its capital in Rome and is located in southern Europe, including the Apennine Peninsula and islands such as Sicily and Sardinia. Bordering France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia in the north, the Adriatic Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea in the Mediterranean Sea in the east, south and west. The total area is 301333 square kilometers, with a coastline of over 7200 kilometers. Most areas have a subtropical Mediterranean climate. The country is divided into 20 administrative regions, 101 provinces, and 5 special autonomous administrative regions. As of January 2022, the total population was 58.98 million, mainly Italian speaking, with the majority of residents practicing Catholicism， sports fitness .
Human activities on the Italian Peninsula can be traced back to the early Paleolithic. In the 9th century BC, the Etruscans created a brilliant civilization. In 754 BC, Rome built its city. Ancient Rome went through three stages: monarchy, republic, and empire, and existed for a thousand years. From 962 to the 11th century, northern and central Italy became part of the "Germanic Holy Roman Empire," while the southern part was a Byzantine territory. In the 12th to 13th centuries, the Holy Roman Empire in Italy collapsed. In the 15th century, humanism and the Renaissance came into being in Italy and spread widely in Europe. In the 18th century, the national spirit awakened. In the 19th century, the national rejuvenation movement emerged. In March 1861, the kingdom was established. In 1870, Rome was conquered and territorial reunification was completed. On June 2, 1946, the referendum abolished the constitutional monarchy, and on July 12, 1946, the first government of the Republic was formed.
Italy is a developed industrial country, the fourth largest economy in Europe and the eighth largest economy in the world. Mechanical equipment, automobile manufacturing, biopharmaceuticals, aerospace, and other industries are leading in the world, with developed small and medium-sized enterprises, known as the "kingdom of small and medium-sized enterprises". They are rich in tourism resources and historical and cultural heritage. In 2021, Italy's GDP was 1.78 trillion euros.
Regional Culture
In this country, northerners look down on southerners
In recent years, the continuous turmoil in the Middle East, North Africa, and West Asia has generated many refugees. Crossing the Mediterranean is one of the routes for refugees to enter Europe. They landed in southern Italy, which to some extent worsened local security. In addition to the impact of the COVID-19, the tourism industry in South Italy, which depends on for a living, is also facing unprecedented difficulties details
Content from
The Republic of Italy, also known as the European capital of Italy, is a major city in Rome, including Milan, Turin, Naples, Palermo, Genoa, and Florence, Venice and other national days, June 2, 1946, the national anthem "Song of Mameli", country code, ITA official language, Italian currency, euro time zone, UTC+1 political system, parliamentary republic, national leader Sergio Matalera (President), Giorgia Meloni (Prime Minister), population 58.98 million (January 2022), population density 195.7 people/square kilometers (January 2022), major nationalities, Italians, major religions, Catholicism, land area 301333 km ² Water area ratio 2.4% GDP Total 1.78 trillion euros (2021) Per capita GDP 30000 euros (2021) international call area code 39 Abbreviation of international domain name. it Road access Right driving Main universities Bokoni University, Bologna University, etc
Historical evolution
prehistoric
Italy is a country with an ancient civilization in Europe. There have been signs of human activities in the Italian Peninsula since prehistory. The earliest traces can be traced back to the early Paleolithic, when humans lived on this land. The Etruscans created brilliant civilizations in the 9th century BC.
The Roman Republic and the Empire
In 510 BC, the Romans ended the reign of the Roman monarchy and established a republic, with the state divided into three powers: the Senate, the consul, and the tribal council.
The Roman Republic extended to the south of Italy and incorporated Sicily into its territory after the Second Punic War in 241 BC. In 202 BC, Rome defeated Carthage through the four Macedonian Wars and the third Punic War, incorporating Spain and Greece into its territory. Afterwards, the Romans took control of parts of West Asia during the Syrian War.
Under Caesar's rule, Rome conquered Gaul and Egypt. After Caesar's assassination, his adopted son Octavian defeated his opponents Mark Antony and Egyptian queen Cleopatra, establishing the ancient Roman Empire in 27 BC and being revered as Augustus Caesar.
In the early stage of the empire, it passed through the Julian Claudius Dynasty (27-68 years ago), the Flavian Dynasty (69-96 years ago), and the Andonian Dynasty (96-192 years), the Five Sage Emperors era (96-180 years ago) to reach its heyday, national stability, and economic prosperity. This period is called the Pax Romana Period.
In 313 AD, Constantine the Great issued the Edict of Milan to legalize Christianity.
In 410 AD, the Gothic people of Germany, led by their leader Alaric, entered Italy and besieged the city of Rome. With the cooperation of the slaves in the city, they opened the city gate and plundered away. Afterwards, the Kingdom of West Gothic and the Kingdom of East Gothic were established within the territory of the Western Roman Empire.
In 476, the Roman mercenary leader, the Germanic Odoyac, deposed the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustus, and the Western Roman Empire perished. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire marked the collapse of slavery in Western Europe.
Middle Ages
From 962 to the 11th century, northern and central Italy became part of the "Germanic Holy Roman Empire," while the southern part was a Byzantine territory until the Normans invaded southern Italy and established the Kingdom of Two Sicilians in the 11th century.
In the 12th to 13th centuries, the Holy Roman Empire in Italy collapsed and divided into many kingdoms, principalities, autonomous cities, and small feudal territories. With the strengthening of economic strength, culture and art have flourished unprecedentedly.
In the 15th century, humanism and the Renaissance came into being in Italy, and in the 16th century, they were widely spread in Europe.
At the end of the 15th century, the struggle between France and Spain over the Apennine Peninsula intensified, leading to the Italian War that lasted for decades.
Since the 16th century, most of the territory has been occupied by France, Spain, and Austria.
Modern and Contemporary History
In the 18th century, the national spirit of Italy awakened.
In the 19th century, the Italian national rejuvenation movement emerged. In the 1860s, with the efforts of patriots Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian unification movement (the Italian Revival Movement) flourished.
In March 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was announced and Vittorio Emanuele II, the former King of Sardinia, became the King of Italy.
In 1870, Rome was conquered and Italy's territory was unified. Afterwards, Italy engaged in colonial expansion competition with other European powers, occupying Eritrea, Somalia, Libya, and the Aegean Islands, and obtaining a commercial concession in Tianjin, China.
During the First World War, Italy gained the northeast Trentino, Upper Adige, Venice Julia, Dodecanisos and other regions.
On October 31, 1922, Mussolini came to power and Italy implemented fascist rule for over 20 years.
From 1930 to 1936, Italy invaded Ethiopia.
In 1938, Italy helped Franco during the Spanish Civil War and formed the Rome Berlin Axis with Germany.
From 1939 to 1945, Italy was involved in World War II and became a defeated country.
On June 2, 1946, the Italian referendum abolished the constitutional monarchy, and on July 12, 1946, the first government of the Republic was formed.
After World War II, he participated in the Marshall Plan, signed the North Atlantic Treaty, and actively participated in the European integration process, becoming one of the founding members of the European Union.
