Luxembourg
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2023-04-10 15:11:35
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Luxembourg, also known as Grand Duch é de Luxembourg, is located in northwestern Europe, bordered by Germany to the east, France to the south, and Belgium to the west and north, with a land area of 2586.3 square kilometers. It belongs to a transitional climate between ocean and continent, with an average temperature of 0.8 ℃ in January and 17.5 ℃ in July. The annual average temperature is 9 ℃, and the average annual precipitation is 782.2 millimeters. The country is divided into 3 major regions, 12 provinces, and 102 municipalities, with Luxembourg as the capital. As of May 2022, the population of Luxembourg is 645000, with Luxembourg accounting for 52.8% and foreigners accounting for 47.2% (mainly Portuguese, French, Italian, Belgian, German, British, and Dutch nationals)， sports fitness .
Luxembourg formed a unified entity in 963 AD. From the 15th to the 18th century, it experienced the rule of Spain, France, and Austria and became the Grand Duchy in 1815. In 1867, it became a neutral country and abandoned neutrality from 1948 onwards
Luxembourg is a developed capitalist country with a small population and rich people. The per capita gross domestic product has been ranked among the top three in the world for many consecutive years. Natural resources are scarce, the market is narrow, and the economy relies heavily on external factors. The steel industry, finance industry, and satellite communication industry are the three pillar industries of Luxembourg's economy. The main economic data for 2021 are as follows: Gross Domestic Product: 78.392 billion US dollars. Economic growth rate: 7%. Inflation rate: 2.5%.
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in Chinese and foreign languages The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the main city of Luxembourg, the European capital of Luxembourg, the continent to which Luxembourg belongs. Gravenmach's national anthem "On H é m é cht" on June 23, country code Lux official languages Luxembourg, German, French currency Euro time zone UTC+1 political system Parliamentary constitutional monarchy National leader Duke Henry (Duke) Gzavier Bertel (Prime Minister) has a population of 645000 (as of May 2022), with a population density of 241.7 people/square kilometer (2020) [8] The main ethnic group is Luxembourg, and the main religion is the Catholic Church. The land area is 2586.3 kilometers ² The water area ratio is 0.6%, GDP is 78.392 billion US dollars in total (2021), international call area code 352, abbreviation of international domain name. lu Road traffic, drive on the right, national flower rose (Rosa), national bird Dai Ju (Goldcrest/ROITELET), human development index 0.875 (tied for 26th, extremely high, 2013), national motto, Luxembourg, the largest city, is also known as the University of Luxembourg, the main university of the pocket kingdom.
Historical evolution
Luxembourg
In ancient times, it belonged to the Gaul region and was inhabited by a Belgian tribe. It was conquered by the Roman Caesar army in the 1st century BC.
In the 5th century AD, the Franks invaded and became part of the Frankish Kingdom.
After the split of the Frankish Kingdom, Luxembourg became the territory of Siegfried, Earl of Ardennes, in 963. In 1060, his descendant Conrad became the Count of Luxembourg in the Holy Roman Empire, and the territory of Luxembourg was basically formed.
In 1308, Henry VII, the Earl of Luxembourg, was elected as the Holy Roman emperor and founded the Luxembourg Dynasty (1308-1437).
In 1364, Luxembourg was elevated to a duchy.
Luxembourg was controlled by the Duke of Burgundy in the 15th century.
At the beginning of the 16th century, it was transferred to the rule of Charles I of the Habsburg dynasty.
In 1556, it was transferred to the rule of the King of Spain.
Starting from the late 16th century, Luxembourg's iron smelting industry began to develop.
In the 17th century, Luxembourg was embroiled in the Thirty Years' War.
In 1659, the Pyrenees Treaty was signed, and some areas of southern Luxembourg were transferred to France.
From 1684 to 1697, France occupied the entire territory of Luxembourg.
After the War of Spanish Succession ended in 1714, Luxembourg was transferred to Austria along with the Western Netherlands.
From 1795 to 1814, France occupied Luxembourg.
In 1815, the Vienna Conference decided to elevate Luxembourg to the Grand Duchy, with the King of Netherlands as Grand Duchy. At the same time, it joined the German Confederation and was stationed by the Prussian army. Some areas of eastern Luxembourg were transferred to Prussia.
After the division of Netherlands and Belgium into two kingdoms in 1830, the Treaty of London in 1839 stipulated that the western half of the Luxembourg region was transferred to Belgium, and the eastern half became an independent country with the Dutch king as its Grand Duke.
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In 1848, the European Revolution spread to Luxembourg and began to formulate a constitutional monarchy constitution.
In 1866, Luxembourg seceded from the German Confederation.
The Treaty of London in 1867 established Luxembourg as an independent neutral state.
In 1868, the constitutional monarchy constitution was formulated.
In 1890, it completely broke free from the rule of the Dutch king and was led by the Nassau Weilburg family, resulting in the independence of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Luxembourg's economy developed rapidly, especially with the iron and steel smelting industry becoming the main industry of the country and becoming a developed industrial country.
In World War I, the German army occupied Luxembourg, and the Grand Duke and government were under German control.
In 1921, Luxembourg established a customs economic alliance with Belgium.
In World War II, the Nazi army of Germany occupied Luxembourg from 1940 to 1944 and incorporated Luxembourg into Germany. The Duke and the government fled to England. The people of Luxembourg have engaged in an anti fascist struggle.
In 1945, after the war, Luxembourg joined the United Nations.
In 1948, a customs economic alliance was established with Belgium and the Netherlands.
In 1949, he joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and renounced his status as a neutral country.
In 1958, he joined the European Community.
Luxembourg
In 1972, Luxembourg revised its constitution for the fourth time. Luxembourg currently has a unicameral parliament, and the cabinet is responsible to the parliament. The main political parties include the Christian Socialist Party, the Socialist Workers' Party, and the Democratic Party.
On November 16, 1972, Luxembourg established diplomatic relations with China.
Since 1974, in order to adapt to the increasingly fierce competition in the international market and change the single domestic economic structure, the Luxembourg government has implemented industrial diversification policies, achieving some results and further economic development. In the 1980s, the per capita steel production reached 16 tons, far ranking first in the world and becoming one of the international financial centers.
In 1995, it became a country in the Schengen Area, and in May 1998, it became one of the first euro countries.
geographical environment
Regional location
Luxembourg is located in northwestern Europe, bordered by Germany to the east, France to the south, and Belgium to the west and north. It is a landlocked country with a land area of 2586.3 square kilometers.
topographic features
Luxembourg Landform
Luxembourg Landform
The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, with the Eden Plateau in the north accounting for one-third of the total area. The southern part is the Guteland Plain.
