India
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2023-04-11 14:01:54
India
India
The Republic of India (India:. The northeast is bordered by China, Nepal, and Bhutan, Bangladesh is sandwiched between the northeast territories, Myanmar is adjacent to the east, Sri Lanka is across the sea to the southeast, and Pakistan is bordered to the northwest. It is adjacent to the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a coastline of 5560 kilometers and a land area of about 2.98 million square kilometers (excluding the Indian occupied area on the Sino Indian border and the Indian actually controlled area in Kashmir). India claims to have 29 states and 7 central regions, with New Delhi as its capital. According to the January 2023 update on the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, as of 2021, the population of India is approximately 1.408 billion， sports fitness .
India is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. The Indus civilization was created between 2500 and 1500 BC. In the 4th century BC, the Peacock Dynasty unified India, began to promote Buddhism, and spread it abroad. In about 188 BC, after the fall of the Peacock Empire, the colonial rule and foreign invasion led to the rise of Hinduism and Islam. In 1600, Britain invaded the Mughal Empire and established the East India Company. After 1757, it gradually became a British colony. In June 1947, the United Kingdom promulgated the "Mombasa Plan", implementing the partition of partition of India. On August 15 of the same year, an Indian Autonomous Territory was established. On January 26, 1950, the establishment of the Republic was announced.
According to data from the International Monetary Fund, the main economic data for the fiscal year 2021/2022 are as follows (in current prices): Gross Domestic Product: 3.2 trillion US dollars. Gross domestic product growth rate: 8.9%. Per capita gross domestic product: 2280 US dollars.
Semi federation port transportation TA said TA said
Why does India implement a "semi federation"? 2021-09-02 10:59
The central government of India has to change its measures and give each state more autonomy. After entering the 1990s, with the success of India's market-oriented reform, the relationship between the central government and the states in India has become more and more relaxed, and India's semi federation system has been further consolidated details
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Chinese name Republic of India Foreign name भारतगणराज्य (Hindi)
The Republic of India (English) is referred to as Bombay, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chandigarh and other major cities in New Delhi, the Asian capital of the continent to which India belongs. The national anthem "The Will of the People" on August 15, 1947, country code IND official language Hindi, English currency Indian rupee time zone UTC+5:30 political system parliamentary republic national leader Delaupadi Mormu (President) Narendra Modi (Prime Minister) has a population of approximately 1.408 billion (as of January 2021, according to the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China), with a population density of 466.44 people/square kilometer (as of June 2022). The main ethnic group, including the Hindu ethnic group, is composed of over 100 major religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Sikh religion, with a land area of approximately 298000 kilometers ² (Excluding China India border India occupied area and Kashmir India actual control area, etc.) Water area ratio 9.5% GDP total 3.2 trillion US dollars (2021/2022 fiscal year) GDP per capita 2280 US dollars (2021/2022 fiscal year) international call area code 91 international domain name abbreviation. In road traffic left driving legal system British American legal system country structure federation national motto "Only truth wins" National flower lotus climate type is mainly tropical monsoon climate
Historical evolution
Origin of Country Name
The name India comes from the Indus River, which is also one of the birthplaces of ancient humans, hence it is the name of the country. India also has the meaning of the moon in Sanskrit, hence it is also known as the "Kingdom of the Moon" [38].
Primitive Society
Some scattered early human fossils (later named as Narmada people) found in the Narmada Valley area indicate that at least in the middle of the Paleolithic, India had been inhabited by humans. The genus classification of the Nermuda people is uncertain (Homo erectus or Homo sapiens); The age of its existence varies from 200000 to 500000 years ago. The late Paleolithic period began about 40000 years ago and ended about 15000 years ago.
The Mesolithic corresponds to the Holocene in geology. Mesolithic culture is widely distributed in subcontinent and Sri Lanka; The earliest Mesolithic site was found in Sri Lanka, while the northernmost site was found in the Hindu Kush Mountains, where the culture seems to be the direct development of the Paleolithic culture in the same region.
Since around 6000 BC, various parts of India have entered the Neolithic Age. The distribution of Neolithic culture is more extensive. Overall, the Neolithic culture in India was later than the culture of the Two River Basin.
The Age of Gold and Stone in India, also known as the Red Copper Age, but metals have also entered human life. The culture of the era of combining gold and stone is mainly found in the area between the Ganges River and the Yamuna River, as well as in Rajasthan, Punjab and Gujarat.
Early Culture
The oldest known Indian civilization is the Indus Valley Civilization in the third millennium BC, which is usually named after Harappa, the site of its representative site, and is called Harappa Culture. The Harappan culture declined and eventually disappeared completely due to unknown reasons when it reached considerable development and maturity.
The replacement of Harappa culture was a new cultural system brought about by the Aryans who entered India from the northwest, and this culture (sometimes referred to as Vedic culture after its sacred name) was the origin of classical Indian culture. The caste system was probably already present at this time. This historical period is known as the period of the nations, as Buddhism emerged during this period and is often referred to as the Vedic period. India's spiritual life was very active in the times of foreign countries, and there were many philosophical or religious schools, among which Buddhism and Jainism had the longest influence.
Sixteen Xiongguo
The Sixteen Kingdoms are 16 powerful kingdoms or republics, covering the fertile Indus Ganges Plain. In fact, there are also other smaller countries scattered throughout this area. The commonly referred to sixteen kingdoms are: Kashi, Kosala, Yangjia, Magadha, Fuli (Bhaqi), Morra, Zhiti, Bhawata, Gulu, Banjala, Machaya, Shurasina, Ashibo, Abandi, Gandhara, and Kanbodhisha (Jiansha). Among many Indian states, Magadha, located in present-day Bihar, gradually gained a dominant position. [5] Ancient India is one of the four ancient civilizations, and the Indus civilization was born in 2500 BC. Around 1500 years ago, the Aryans in Central Asia entered the subcontinent of South Asia, conquered the local ancient Indians, established some small slavery countries, and established a caste system. Vedas began to develop into Brahmanism.
Peacock Dynasty
In the late 6th century BC, King Darius I of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia conquered the Indus Plain.
A charming Indian dance girl
After Darius I, the Macedonian king Alexander the Great invaded India, and he played a role in promoting the rise of the Peacock Dynasty.
Shortly after Alexander withdrew from India, Chandragupta Maurya, known as the Moon Protector, overthrew the Nanda royal family of Magadha. Chandragupta Maurya established the Mauryan Dynasty, the first imperial regime in Indian history. He drove away the remaining Greek forces in Punjab and gradually conquered most of northern India. During his later reign, the Moon Protector repelled the invasion of Seleucid I and gained control over Afghanistan. The Peacock Dynasty finally reached its peak during the Ashoka period.
Starting from the early 2nd century BC, the Great Xia Greeks, Cypriots, and Sabeans successively invaded India; The aggression of the Serbian people is particularly widespread. The Dayue people became the most successful invaders, establishing the powerful Kusana Empire in North India.
Gupta era
After centuries of strength, the Kusana Empire split into small political forces. The Gupta dynasty established by Chandragupta Maurya I replaced their dominant position in northern India. The Gupta Dynasty was the first powerful dynasty in India after the Peacock Dynasty and the last imperial regime established by the Indians, often regarded as the golden age of Indian classical culture. Like the Peacock Dynasty, the birthplace of the Gupta Dynasty was in Magadha; The first few monarchs of this dynasty were all conquerors, and they did indeed unify North India, but did not expand too far in the south. In literature, the greatest poet of ancient India, Kalita Sasa, appeared.
The invasion of India from Central Asia by the Gada people seriously damaged the Gupta dynasty. The indigenous people were later assimilated into Indian society, but their activities in the 5th to 6th centuries contributed to the disintegration of the empire. Many local princes and ethnic groups opposed the central power of the Gupta dynasty, leading to the rapid collapse of the empire. The so-called post Gupta dynasty (actually unrelated to the true Gupta royal family) once again returned its ruling power to Magadha.
Lachiput people
Around the 7th century, a new force emerged in North India, namely the Rajputti. They played a prominent role in Indian history after the 7th to 8th centuries. The historical period between the mid 7th century and the end of the 12th century when Muslims conquered North India is often referred to as the Rajputt period.
The Arabs conquered Sindh in northwestern India in the early 8th century, marking the beginning of the Muslim expedition to India. From the 9th to the 11th century, several powerful kingdoms emerged in South India, such as the Jura Kingdom and Pandya. Among them, Zhuluo Kingdom once invaded the islands of Indonesia.
Sultanate of Delhi
The true conquest of India by Islam began in the 11th century and was carried out by the Turkic people of Central Asia. The Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid dynasty made more than 12 expeditions to India, causing serious damage in northern India. The territory of the Ghaznavid dynasty in Central Asia was annexed by its former vassal Khur dynasty located in Afghanistan in 1173. The ruler of the Kor dynasty, Muizdin Muhammad (Muhammad of the Kor), decisively defeated the Megakhans in the Second Battle of Derai in 1192; He stayed in India, where the Governor General (born as a slave), Guttbuddin Abercrombie, adopted the title of Sultan in 1206 to rule the Muslim conquered northern Indian region and established the capital of Delhi. Since then, until the establishment of the Mughal Empire, the history of North India is the history of the sultanate of Delhi.
Mughal Empire
The power vacuum caused by the collapse of the sultanate of Delhi did not last long, and new Muslim conquerors soon emerged in the northwest. In 1526, Babel, a direct descendant of Timur, a Turk, entered India from Central Asia and defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last sultan of the Lodi dynasty, in the first Panipat battle. Babel occupied Delhi and was revered as the 'Emperor of Hindustan'. He then defeated the Rajputts in 1527 and eliminated the remaining forces of the Afghans in 1529. The regime established by Babel is known as the Mughal Empire.
The Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb is known as the "Later Mughal". The characteristic of this period was that the emperors were mostly mediocre and incompetent, and the Malata people became stronger and stronger as they fought, with a strong tendency to replace the Mughal people. However, the factor that determines India's fate is the European powers.
Colonial period
India in the first half of the 18th century
The earliest European country to establish a stronghold in India was Portugal, whose colonies were located outside the territory of the Mughal Empire. Afterwards, the Dutch actively intervened and defeated the Portuguese. During the peak of the empire, Aurangzeb ignored the dangers of European colonizers, while his descendants were already weakened by the decline of the empire when forced to face Europeans. In the 18th century, the main European powers pursuing interests in India were Britain and France. After a struggle, the British gained an advantage and weakened France's existence to only a few small colonies.
The main entity operating British affairs in India was the British East India Company. After the final collapse of Malata power in 1818, most Indian princes recognized the suzerainty of the East India Company. The last Indian territories annexed by Britain were Sindh (1843), Sikh controlled Punjab (1849), Belar (1853) and Ode (1856). Due to various unfavorable policies of the colonizers, the famous Indian National Uprising broke out in 1857.
The Improvement of Indian Management Act passed in 1858 abolished the East India Company and left it to the Minister of Indian Affairs to take over all its powers; And set up the Indian government headed by the Governor General of Governor-General of India. The British also officially ended the meaningless Mughal dynasty and exiled Bahadur Shah II to Myanmar. Afterwards, India entered an era of direct rule by the British government.
Under British direct rule, India (also known as British India) was divided into 13 provinces, including Myanmar. In addition, there are approximately 700 indigenous states ruled by Indian princes that exist under close British supervision, accounting for 40% of the entire Indian territory (some provinces also have indigenous states). The idea of using India as a base to contain Russian expansion in Asia led some British officials to devote themselves to expanding the territory of British India in the northwest direction, which led to the Second Afghan War of Resistance against Britain from 1878 to 1880. In 1885, the National Congress Party of India was established. In 1906, the All India Muslim Alliance was formed. The British consciously exploited the conflict between Hindus and Muslims.
After 1885, India had nationalist gatherings almost every year, but Victorian British bureaucrats clearly ignored the demands of Indians. The goal of British rule in India was only to avoid famine.
In 1909, Britain passed the Molay Minto Reform Act, which stipulated separate elections for Muslims and Hindus in legislative elections. Afterwards, sectarian politics became a system and the Indian national movement split.
Partition of India
The First World War had a significant impact on the development of Indian nationalism. On April 13, 1919, the British army massacred the Indian people in Amritsar. These facts led Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who had become a major figure in the Congress Party, to change his attitude towards the British government and reorganize the Congress Party in 1920. The National Congress Party led the anti British struggle multiple times between the two World Wars, and its guiding principle was Gandhi's advocacy of nonviolent non cooperation.
During World War II, the Indian national movement continued to develop. The meeting between Gandhi and Jenna in 1944 ended in failure, and Indian Muslims had widely supported the establishment of an independent Islamic state.
After the end of World War II, Britain's power declined sharply, and its colonial rule in India was no longer sustainable. The Royal Indian Navy Uprising occurred in 1946. In 1947, Britain proposed the Montbatten Plan. According to this plan, two autonomous territories, Pakistan and India, were established on August 14 and August 15, 1947, respectively, marking the end of British rule in India.
republic
After independence, the Republic of India was faced with a series of serious problems, especially the aftermath of the partition of partition of India. In the first year after independence, a military conflict broke out between India and Pakistan due to the Kashmir dispute. During the Nehru era, India leaned towards socialism and formulated a five-year plan for economic development, following the example of the Soviet Union. India achieved a complete victory in the Third Indo Pakistan War in 1971, but also paid the political price of falling towards the Soviet Union. India annexed the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1975 and established the former Kingdom of Sikkim as the so-called Sikkim State. At the beginning of the 21st century, India has become one of the emerging economies in the world.
On September 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of India announced the abolition of Article 497 of the Criminal Code, which dealt with the crime of adultery, marking the official history of this 158 year old law.
