Nepal
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2023-04-12 14:59:51
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal ल, English name: Nepal), a landlocked mountain country in South Asia, is located at the southern foot of the Himalayas, bordering China in the north and India in the other three sides. Kathmandu, the capital, covers an area of about 147000 square kilometers, with a population of about 30 million (2020). The country is divided into seven federal provinces, and there are more than 130 ethnic groups in the country，sports fitness .
Nepal, formerly known as "Nepal", established the Mara dynasty from the 12th to 18th centuries. In 1768, the Shah Dynasty rose and gradually unified the country thereafter. In 1790, the Nepalese king signed a peace treaty with the Chinese emperor, and Nepal made ceremonial tribute to the Chinese emperor every five years until 1912. In 1846, the Lana family relied on British support to seize military and political power, and obtained hereditary prime minister status, making the king a puppet. In 1950, the Nigerian people launched a massive mass movement and armed struggle against the dictatorship of the Lana family. King Tribuwen restored his royal power, ended the rule of the Lana family, and implemented constitutional monarchy. In 1962, a new constitution was promulgated, establishing Nepal as a Hindu monarchy. The King of Nepal once again holds supreme power. In 1990, a large-scale "people's movement" broke out in Nigeria, and King Birendra was forced to restore constitutional monarchy. In 2001, King Birendra was killed in a royal bloodbath, and his younger brother Giandra succeeded him to the throne. In 2005, Jia personally took office after the dissolution of the government. The main political parties formed the "Seven Party Alliance" and joined forces with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) to oppose the king, and in 2006, overthrew the king's rule through the second "People's Movement". In 2008, Nepal held constitutional assembly elections, and the resulting constitutional assembly announced the establishment of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.
Nepal is an agricultural country, economically backward, and one of the least developed countries in the world. In the 2018/2019 fiscal year, Nepal's GDP was 30.4 billion US dollars, with a per capita GDP of 1049 US dollars and a GDP growth rate of 7.1%.
Chinese name Nepalese foreign name Nepal's main city of Kathmandu, the capital of Asia to which Nepal belongs, Pattan, Badgang, Pokhara and other national days September 20 [2] National anthem "The only country with flowers in full bloom" country code NPL official language Nepali currency Nepalese rupee time zone UTC+5:45 political system parliamentary system republic national leader Ram Chandra Poudel (President) Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prime Minister) has a population of about 30 million (2020). Population density: 203.3 people/km2 (2020). Major ethnic groups: Nepalese, major religion: Hinduism. Land area: about 147000 km ² The water area ratio is 2.8%, and the GDP totals $30.4 billion (fiscal year 2018/2019). The per capita GDP is $1049 (fiscal year 2018/2019). international call area code 977 Abbreviation of international domain name. np Road traffic keeps to the left. National flower azalea, national animal, cattle, national bird, brown tailed rainbow pheasant, major universities, such as Tribuwen University, Pokhara University, etc. May 28, the Republic of China
Historical evolution
Early History
Topography of Nepal
As early as 10000 BC, there were Kirant people living in the southern foot of the the Himalayas. In the 8th century BC, a group of Kratians established a kingdom in Nepal and later called themselves Nipars.
Since the 6th century BC, some countries have emerged in Nepal, mainly including the Kirat (6th century BC to 4th century AD), the Richardson dynasty (4th century to 13th century AD), and the Mara dynasty (13th century to 1768 AD).
The Kirat dynasty was the first dynasty in the history of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The first king was Yaramba, who participated in the Battle of Mohabarat in northern India. The Kirat dynasty had a total of 32 kings who ruled the Kathmandu Valley for about 900 years. During the reign of the 31 King of Kirat, the losers in the power struggle of Uttar Pradesh fled to Kathmandu Valley in groups, bringing advanced political system and military tactics. During their search for refuge in the valley, they overthrew the Kirat dynasty and established the Li Chawei dynasty.
Until the 13th century, the Lichavis were defeated by another group of people who came to the valley from northern India, and the Mara dynasty was established. The Mara dynasty was the most prosperous period in Nepalese history, with achievements in art, writing, and soul theory during the Mara rule. The Mara dynasty rose and vigorously promoted Hinduism.
Kingdom of Nepal
Main entry: Shah Dynasty, Battle of Gurkha, Second Kuzang War, Anglo Nepalese War
● Unification of Nepal by the Shah Dynasty
The ancestors of the Shah dynasty were a Hindu Rajputh royal family who migrated from Rajasthan in India in the Middle Ages.
Bodana Grand Buddha Pagoda
In the middle of the 18th century, the whole South Asian subcontinent, including Nepal, was in a state of disintegration. In the midst of chaos, the Gurkha king of western Nepal, Prithvi Narayan Shah, realized that if Nepal was not unified, all the kingdoms of Nepal would sooner or later fall into the hands of British India. In 1768, after 10 years of careful preparation, King Pritve led his army to conquer Kathmandu.
In the same year, the Gurkha King Pritvi Narayan Shah established the Shah Dynasty and gradually unified Nepal. It is said that during the march to Makananpur, the deity, as a philosopher, met the king by chance. Narayan gave the philosopher a piece of condensed cheese, which the philosopher ate and spit out, and then returned it to the king. The king felt disgusted and threw it at his own feet. As a result, the philosopher prophesied that although the Shah dynasty could unify the country, the emperor would "be beheaded for ten generations." This prophecy unfortunately came true more than 200 years later.
In 1775, after the death of King Pritwi, his son Bahadur Shah succeeded to the throne. This ambitious new king relocated his ruling center 100 kilometers east to Kathmandu, and then, like his father, continued to lead his army to expand his territory, invincible. The Nepalese king also expanded his territory to the south and reached India directly. By 1810, the Kingdom of Nepal had expanded from Kashmir to Sikkim, equivalent to twice the size of present-day Nepal.
From 1789 to 1792, there was a conflict with the Qing Dynasty of China, known as the Battle of Gurkha. From then on, he became a vassal and subordinate to the Qing Dynasty of China, belonging to China. The Nepalese king therefore signed a peace treaty with the Chinese emperor, stipulating that Nepal would pay ceremonial tribute to the Chinese emperor every five years. This tribute continued until 1912.
● During the British semi colonial period
In 1814, Nepal was invaded by Britain and forced to cede large territories to British India, with its diplomacy under British supervision.
In 1846, the pro British General Zhongge Bahadur Lana launched a coup, and the king's power fell to power. The Lana family inherited the Prime Minister..
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Nepalese people engaged in an unyielding struggle against British colonialists for national independence. In 1923, Britain signed the Permanent Peace and Friendship Treaty with Nepal, which recognized Nepal's independence but retained various privileges in Nepal. After the end of World War II, with the independence of India and Pakistan, the British power in Nepal gradually weakened, and the Nepali Congress and the King prepared to force Prime Minister Rana to hand over power.
Independence of the Kingdom and Kinship
In 1950, the Nepalese people launched a struggle against the dictatorship of the Rana family. With the support of India, King Tribwan and Crown Prince Mahindra restored their royal power through negotiations, and the rule of the Rana family ended. In February 1951, King Tribwan issued a provisional constitution, implementing the constitutional monarchy. These ideas are incompatible with the traditional idea of the king that 'I am the country'.
In December 1960, King Mahendra ordered the dissolution of the Cabinet and Parliament, and changed the Prime Minister's Cabinet to the Council of Ministers system, with the royal family directly controlling the government. In January 1961, it was announced that all political party activities were prohibited, and at the same time, members of the Legislative Yuan at all levels were elected, implementing a non party parliamentary system throughout the country. In 1962, a new constitution was promulgated, stipulating that Nepal is a Hindu monarchy and all power belongs to the king. From then on, the King of Nepal once again held supreme power.
Last Crown Prince Palas of Nepal stands in front of a deity symbolizing divine power
In 1962, the establishment of a Hindu state was officially incorporated into the constitution: Nepal is the "Hindu Kingdom", with its monarch worshipping Aryan culture and Hinduism. An important idea of Hinduism's founding is to establish the concept of "divine power". The king is the incarnation of Vishnu, the supreme protector of the people. The king, the royal family and the royal army generals are all noble Kshatriya castes, assisted by the royal priest Brahmin. These two major caste families form the core of the highest ruling group in the kingdom.
In 1972, King Bilandra ascended to the throne. In 1990, a large-scale people's movement broke out in Nepal, and King Birendra was forced to implement the multi-party parliamentary system of constitutional monarchy. Birendra won the rank of Marshal of the British Army in 1990, which has never been awarded to Asians before. After the implementation of the multi-party parliamentary system in the 1990s, various contradictions within society intensified unprecedentedly, with frequent government changes and the continuous development of anti government armed forces.
On the evening of June 1, 2001, a Nepalese royal massacre occurred. The then Nepalese Crown Prince Dipendra shot and killed 12 members of the royal family, including the king, queen, crown prince, prince, and princess, before committing suicide. On June 2nd, the Palace Advisory Committee announced that Dipendra, who was undergoing medical treatment in the hospital, would inherit the throne, and the younger brother of the late King Birendra, Janandra, would be regent. King Dipendra passed away on the night of June 3rd and was succeeded by Regent King Gyanendra as the king of Nepal. On October 26 of the same year, the Secretariat of the Nepalese Royal Family announced that King Gyanendra had crowned his son Prince Palas as the Crown Prince of Nepal on that day.
In May 2002, King Gyanendra dissolved the parliament and dissolved the cabinet in October of the same year, directly intervening in politics. On February 1, 2005, the king announced the dissolution of the cabinet and the suspension of the parliament, citing its "corruption and incompetence". He personally ruled for three years and directly led the "Council of Ministers", whose members were personally designated by the king. Nepal has once again returned to the feudal era of 'I am the country'.
The Last Royal Family of Nepal
In April 2006, the "Seven Party Alliance" formed by major political parties in Nepal and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) jointly launched an anti king street movement. The king compromised, announced the restoration of parliament, and returned politics to political parties. On May 18, 2006, the Nepalese Parliament decided to abolish Hinduism as a state religion, declared Nepal a secular state, crushed the monarchical divine right, and renamed the "Government of His Majesty the King of Nepal" as "Government of Nepal". In August, the "Kingdom of Nepal" was renamed as "Nepal".
The end of imperial rule
In April 2008, Nepal held constitutional assembly elections. On May 28, the first session of the Nepal Constitutional Assembly passed the proposal proposed by the Interim Government of Nepal at the Kathmandu International Convention Center, announcing the abolition of the monarchy and the transformation of the state system into a federal democratic republic. On the 29th, the Nepalese parliament officially requested the king to leave the Narayanhiti Palace in Kathmandu within 10 days. That night, the royal flag was lowered from the top of the palace, and the Nepalese flag was slowly raised. The 239-year-old Shah dynasty was indeed "decapitated" - the 11th King Gyanendra ultimately failed to achieve the same results as his ancestors
