Lebanon
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2023-04-28 15:24:50
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية； English: Republic of Lebanon, abbreviated as Lebanon. Located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Asia, bordering Syria to the east and north, Israel to the south (with an undefined border), and the Mediterranean to the west, it is commonly referred to as a Middle Eastern country, with its capital Beirut. The country is divided into 8 provinces, covers an area of 10452 square kilometers, and has a population of approximately 6.07 million (as of 2020), with the vast majority being Arabs， sports fitness .
It was part of Phoenicia in 2000 BC. Afterwards, they were successively ruled by Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, and Rome. Incorporation into the Arab Empire in the early 7th to 16th centuries. In 1517, it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire. After World War I, it was reduced to a French commissioned territory. In June 1940, after France surrendered to Nazi Germany, Lebanon was controlled by Germany and the Axis Powers of Italy. In June 1941, British troops occupied Lebanon with the assistance of Free France forces. In November of the same year, the Free France Army announced the end of its mandated rule over Lebanon. On November 22, 1943, Lebanon declared independence and established the Lebanese Republic. In December 1946, all British and French troops withdrew from Lebanon. In April 1975, civil war broke out. In 1990, the Lebanese Civil War ended.
Lebanon is a member country of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA), with a relatively developed service industry and belongs to the upper middle-income group. Lebanon's GDP is 18 billion US dollars (2021), with a per capita GDP of 4576 US dollars (2021) and an economic growth rate of -25% (2020).
Historical development
Lebanon, the Arab country with the least "Arab" characteristics? 2023-04-23 10:55
Nevertheless, Lebanon remains one of the Arab countries with a relatively high standard of living, with a per capita GDP of $10000 before 2019. Although the per capita GDP is currently less than $5000, the Human Development Index ranks high among Arab countries. So, what kind of country is Lebanon details
Content from
The Republic of Lebanon, also known as the Republic of Lebanon, is a major city in Beirut, the Asian capital of Lebanon, Saida and other national days November 22, 1943 (Guiwei year) National Anthem of the Lebanese Republic country code LBN official language Arabic currency Lebanese pound time zone UTC+2 political system Parliamentary republic national leader Michel Orn (President) has a population of about 6.07 million (2020) Population density 667.2 people/km2 (2020) Main ethnic Arabs Main religion Islam (Sunni, Shiite) Land area 10452 km ² Water area ratio 1.6% GDP total 18 billion US dollars (2021) per capita GDP 4576 US dollars (2021) international call area code 961 international domain name abbreviation. lb Road traffic drive right the largest city Beirut the largest administrative region Bekaa climate Mediterranean climate national tree Cedar international call code 961 and Beijing time difference Summer time: - 5; Winter time: -6 Major universities such as the University of Lebanon and the Arab University of Beirut
Historical evolution
Ancient history
Lebanon, formerly known as Lebanon, is a region with a very long history. As early as over 2000 BC, Phoenicians lived on this land, and now small shops in Lebanon often see replicas of Phoenicians unearthed. The Phoenicians were the first people to sail around Africa and invented the Phoenician script. Lebanon used to be rich in cedars, and these towering trees were important building materials for neighboring countries. These scattered records about Lebanon can be seen in the Old Testament.
In 64 BC, ancient Rome occupied Lebanon and built the world-renowned Temple of Balbek, which is one of the most complete and largest ancient Roman buildings in the world.
Due to Lebanon's adherence to the strategic path of Asia, Africa, and Europe, many ethnic groups have occupied Lebanon before. Successively ruled by Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, and Rome; From the 7th to the early 16th century, it became part of the Arab Empire. In 1517, it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
Lebanon's independence
The Lebanese people have repeatedly held uprisings against the dual oppression of the Türkiye Sudan and the local feudal lords. At the beginning of the 17th century, the power of Lebanese Emir Fahrudin II gradually grew, building a new army and implementing social reforms, establishing a de facto independent Greater Lebanon. But when Türkiye's army pressed the border, Fahrudin II surrendered and was executed.
At the end of the 18th century, Lebanese Emir Besir Sheihab II inherited the unfinished business of Fahrudin II, using a peasant uprising to eradicate several powerful feudal families and centralize his rule in his own hands. In 1831, he allied with Muhammad Ali, the Egyptian governor who opposed Türkiye's rule, and expelled the Turks from Lebanon. In 1840, after the Egyptian army withdrew from Lebanon, Britain and France continued to provoke a struggle between the Christian Maronites and the Islamic Druze factions in order to compete for the market in Lebanon. Türkiye took the opportunity to reoccupy Lebanon in 1842, and divided Lebanon into two provinces. The northern part was under the jurisdiction of the pro French Maronite feudal lords, and the southern part was under the rule of the pro British Druze feudal lords.
In 1860, there was a fierce conflict between Christian Maronites and Muslim Druze factions in Lebanon, and France intervened by sending troops. Since then, Lebanon has become an autonomous region that has been internationally recognized and guaranteed. It is ruled by a Christian chief executive appointed by the government of Türkiye and agreed by France, Britain, Russia and other countries.
In 1920, it became a commissioned territory of France.
In May 1926, Lebanon declared itself a republic and promulgated a constitution, but still retained France's delegated authority.
In June 1941, British troops occupied Lebanon with the assistance of Free France forces. In November of the same year, the Free France Army announced the end of its mandated rule over Lebanon.
On November 22, 1943, Lebanon officially declared independence from the French mandate and established the Lebanese Republic. In December 1946, all British and French troops withdrew from Lebanon.
In May 1958, an armed uprising broke out in Lebanon against the Shamon regime due to the announcement by Lebanese President Jamie Shamon of his acceptance of Eisenhower Doctrine. On July 15th, the US military landed in Lebanon under the pretext of maintaining Lebanon's independence and protecting the safety of American nationals, which was opposed by people from all over the world. On October 26th, the US military was forced to withdraw.
In 1969, there was a military conflict between the Lebanese army and Palestinian guerrillas, and later both sides made specific regulations on the bases and scope of activities of the Palestine Liberation Organization in Lebanon.
Civil War and After Civil War
In 1943, on the eve of Lebanon's independence, various sects reached an agreement on the distribution of state power: the President and the Commander in Chief of the Army were held by Christian Maronites, the Speaker and Prime Minister were held by Islamic Shia and Sunni individuals, respectively, and seats in parliament and ministers were distributed according to the population proportion of each sect. Later, due to changes in population structure, there was an increase in the number of residents who believed in Islam. Muslims demanded to increase their power and launched a struggle for this. After the transfer of Palestinian armed forces to Lebanon, they received support from the Lebanese national movement, but were opposed by the Lebanese Front.
In April 1975, a 15 year civil war broke out between the Christian and Islamic factions in Lebanon, severely damaging Lebanon's economy and causing a large number of casualties and property damage. It is estimated that 150000 people have died, 200000 have been injured, and approximately 900000 people (one fifth of the pre war population) have been displaced.
In 1990, the Taif Agreement was signed by all parties to end the civil war, and the two major factions redistributed political power, but many parts of Lebanon had become ruins.
Syria has been stationed in Lebanon since October 1976 and has supported Hezbollah guerrillas within the country; And Israel also controlled southern Lebanon for a period of time as retaliation, opening up a safe zone, and implementing armed occupation from 1985 to 2000.
During the civil war, the Palestine Liberation Organization used Lebanon to launch attacks against Israel. The Israeli Defense Forces invaded and occupied Lebanon twice in 1978 and 1982, respectively. During the second invasion, the Palestine Liberation Organization was expelled. Before 2000, Israel had been controlling southern Lebanon. As Hizbullah continued to launch attacks, and public opinion believed that if Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon, violence would be reduced and resolved, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak decided to withdraw. The United Nations believes that the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the blue demarcation line is in line with United Nations Security Council resolution 425, but the ownership of the Shebaa farms in the border area is still controversial. Hezbollah claims that it will not stop military operations until the area is liberated.
On April 26, 2005, Syria withdrew its troops from Lebanon in accordance with United Nations resolutions, ending 29 years of direct intervention.
cedar revolution
On February 14, 2005, former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a car bomb attack near St. George's Bay in Beirut.
The assassination incident sparked a series of demonstrations. On March 14, 2005, up to 1 million people demonstrated and demanded an end to Syria's occupation of Lebanon. The media called it the Cedar Revolution, and protesters demanded that Syria withdraw its troops from Lebanon and establish an international committee to investigate the assassination incident. Due to Syria's extensive military and intelligence operations in Lebanon, and the rift between Hariri and Damascus over Syria's support for amending the constitution to extend the term of President Emil Lahoud, pro Western leaders of the March 14th Alliance have accused Syria of being behind the assassination attempt. Others (that is, the pro Arab "March 8 Alliance", Hizbullah and Syrian officials) claimed that the assassination may have been committed by Israel's Mossad, with the intention of destabilizing Lebanon.
On April 7th, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1595, calling for an investigation into the Hariri assassination. The preliminary investigation result, the Mehlis report, was officially released on October 20th, stating that senior officials from both the Syrian and Lebanese governments were involved in the assassination attempt. Finally, under international pressure, Syria was forced to withdraw 15000 troops from Lebanon, ending its thirty year occupation of Lebanon. On April 26th, all regular Syrian troops had withdrawn. After the Hariri assassination, a series of assassination incidents targeting numerous pro Western Lebanese politicians occurred.
2006 Israel Lebanon Conflict
On July 12, 2006, in order to divert the attention of the Israeli army, Hezbollah launched rockets into Israeli border towns and then launched anti-tank missiles against two Hummer armored vehicles patrolling the Israeli border. There are a total of 7 Israeli soldiers in the two Humvees, 2 injured, 3 killed, and the other 2 kidnapped to Lebanon. In a failed rescue operation by the Israeli army, another 5 soldiers died. In Lebanon, air strikes have caused serious damage to its civilian infrastructure, including Beirut airport. Afterwards, Israeli ground troops entered areas controlled by Hezbollah. In at least 962 attacks, the Israeli army dropped 4.6 million cluster bombs in southern Lebanon, most of which were dropped in the last three days before the end of the war, when the Israeli army knew that reconciliation was about to be reached. In Israel, Hezbollah fired 3970 rockets into northern Israel, mostly towards urban areas. The month long conflict has caused huge casualties in both Israel and Lebanon, with nearly 160 deaths in Israel and over 1000 deaths in Lebanon. On August 14th, the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 1701, calling for a ceasefire between Hezbollah and Israel, officially ending the conflict. Goldwasser and Regev, who were kidnapped, were detained for 2 years without any news of them. Until July 16, 2008, Hezbollah returned their bodies in exchange for living Hezbollah prisoners of war.
Barid River Conflict
Barid River (Arabic: نهر البارد， The cold river is a Palestinian refugee camp in northern Lebanon. Approximately 30000 displaced Palestinians and their descendants live in camps and surrounding areas. In December 1949, the Red Cross Union established this camp to accommodate Palestinian refugees who were suffering from the harsh winter in the Bekaa Valley and the outskirts of Tripoli. According to the 1969 Cairo Agreement, the Lebanese army is not allowed to enter any Palestinian camp.
On Saturday night, May 19, 2007, Lebanese security forces surrounded a building where Fatah militants accused of hijacking a bank earlier that day were allegedly hiding. On the morning of Sunday, May 20, 2007, Lebanese security forces launched an attack on the building, and the two sides began a day long exchange of fire. Out of retaliation, members of the Fatah Islamic organization attacked an army checkpoint in the Barid River camp, killing several sleeping soldiers. The Lebanese army immediately bombed the camp.
The Barid River camp became the center of the Lebanese army's engagement with Fatah. On the one hand, the camp was surrounded by groups, and on the other hand, it was heavily bombed. According to estimates from the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Refugees, the fighting between the two sides destroyed 85% of the shelters in the camps, rendering them uninhabitable and causing serious damage to infrastructure. At least 169 soldiers, 287 guerrillas, and 47 civilians were killed, and up to 40000 camp residents were forced to flee. Many fled south to the already overcrowded Badawi camp 10 kilometers away.
2008 internal turmoil
In October 2007, President Lahoud's term ended, and the opposition stated that if a decentralization agreement could not be reached, they would refuse to vote for a successor, which resulted in Lebanon having no president for a period of time. Due to the government declaring Hezbollah's communication network illegal, on May 9, 2008, Hezbollah and Amal forces occupied western Beirut and launched the worst internal turmoil since the 1975-1990 civil war.
On May 21, 2008, with the mediation of the Arab League and after five days of negotiations, the main parties in Lebanon signed the Doha Agreement in Qatar, ending the fighting. According to the agreement, both sides agreed to elect Michel Suleiman, the former army leader, as president, and establish a national unity government. The opposition party has the veto power, ending the 18 month political deadlock. The agreement marked the victory of the opposition party, which gained concessions in the formation of the cabinet, Hezbollah's communication network, and airport security management, increasing their political leverage.
On June 7, 2009, Lebanon held its 14th parliamentary elections, and Saad Hariri was appointed as Prime Minister and formed a new cabinet on November 9.
On June 26, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) announced at its annual meeting that Lebanon had been approved to join as an intended member.
At around 7:30 pm on August 10, 2020, Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced the resignation of the current Lebanese government in a televised speech. Previously, a strong explosion occurred at the port of Beirut, causing a huge uproar against the country's leadership.
On June 11, 2021, Lebanese caretaker government Prime Minister Diyab signed a special decree designating August 4 as a national day of mourning.
