Liechtenstein
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2023-05-15 14:36:55
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
The Principality of Liechtenstein (German: F ü rstentum Liechtenstein), referred to as "Liechtenstein", is located in the middle of the Alps and the landlocked country of the Rhine Valley. It is adjacent to Switzerland to the west and Austria to the east, with a land area of 160 square kilometers. The climate is mild, with an average temperature of 1.1 ℃ in January and 19.9 ℃ in July. Liechtenstein divides the country into 11 districts (all of which are first level administrative districts), with the capital being Vaduz. As of December 2021, Liechtenstein had a population of 39315 people， sports fitness .
Liechtenstein's territory was once part of the province of Raetia in the Roman Empire. In January 1719, Emperor Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire merged the estate of Schneielberg with the county of Vaduz to form an independent small duchy, named Liechtenstein; During the Napoleonic War from 1800 to 1815, Liechtenstein was invaded by First French Empire and the Russian Empire; In 1806, Liechtenstein became a sovereign state and gained independence in 1866.
Liechtenstein was originally a poor agricultural country, with most people engaged in animal husbandry and only small-scale industries such as textiles and ceramics. After the war, it gradually developed into a developed industrial country. Industry is the pillar of the national economy, with over 95% of industrial products supplied for export. The financial industry is developed, with 14 banks. In 2019, the net income was 350 million Swiss francs, and the amount of funds managed by the banks was 174.2 billion Swiss francs. The issuance of stamps began in 1912, and stamps from various countries are well-known and are also an important source of national finance. In 2020, the gross domestic product was 5.7 billion Swiss francs.
The Chinese name is listed in the Principality of Liechtenstein, also known as the European capital of Liechtenstein, Ganprin and other National Day national anthems "On the Young Rhine" on August 15, country code, official language, German, currency, Swiss franc, time zone, UTC+1, political system, constitutional monarchy [2], national leader Hans Adam II (Duke), Adrian Hassler (Prime Minister), population 39315 people (December 2021), population density 238.4 people/km2 (2020), main ethnic groups, Liechtenstein people, main religion, Catholicism, land area 160 km ² [2] Water area ratio 2.7% international call area code 423 Abbreviation of international domain name. li Road access Drive on the right National flower Yellow lily national motto "For God, the Prince and the motherland" Featured product Stamps Climate temperate continental climate Major university Liechtenstein University GDP 5.7 billion Swiss francs (2020)
Historical evolution
ancient
The territory of Liechtenstein was once part of the province of Retiad in the Roman Empire. Later, Liechtenstein was the fiefdom of several consecutive Earls of Hohenems. Liechtenstein is a descendant of the Alemannian people and settled in the region about 500 years ago.
The name of Liechtenstein originated in the early 18th century when the Archduke of Liechtenstein, John Adam, from Vienna, Austria, purchased two fiefs: Schnellerberg (1699) and Vaduz County (1713), and became a member of the Holy Roman Empire.
On January 23, 1719, Holy Roman Emperor Karl VI merged the estate of Schneielberg with the county of Vaduz to form an independent small duchy, named Liechtenstein.
Modern and modern times
During the Napoleonic War from 1800 to 1815, Liechtenstein was invaded by First French Empire and the Russian Empire; From 1805 to 1814, he was a member of the "Rhine League" controlled by Napoleon.
In 1806, Liechtenstein became a sovereign state.
In 1815, he joined the "German Confederation".
In 1866, Liechtenstein declared independence and remained neutral thereafter.
In 1852, Liechtenstein signed a tariff treaty with the Austro Hungarian Empire, which ended in 1919 with the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire.
In 1919, Liechtenstein entrusted the country's foreign relations (defense, diplomacy) to Switzerland, forming a neutral alliance.
In 1923, Liechtenstein signed a customs treaty with Switzerland, opening the borders between the two countries, establishing a common economic zone, and using a unified currency - the Swiss franc.
In 1938, Duke Franz Josef II took office and became the first Duke of the country.
In September 1988, China established direct diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein.
In 1993, Liechtenstein dissolved its parliament through a vote of no confidence in the new Prime Minister and held new elections, resulting in the formation of a new government.
In 1990, Liechtenstein joined the United Nations.
In 1991, he joined the European Free Trade Association.
In 1995, he joined the European Economic Area and the World Trade Organization.
Starting from August 1995, the Duke and Parliament held constitutional negotiations on the distribution of power between the Duke, government, and parliament.
In March 2003, a plebiscite passed the constitutional amendment proposed by Duke Hans Adam II; The new constitution officially came into effect on August 14th of the same year.
In 2013, a new government was established in Liechtenstein, consisting of the Radical Civic Party and the Motherland Alliance. The policy for the next four years is based on a cooperation agreement between the two parties.
geographical environment
Regional location
Liechtenstein is one of the few small countries in Europe, with a total land area of only 160.5 square kilometers. It is a landlocked country located in the central Alps and on the east bank of the upper Rhine River in Central Europe; To the west is Switzerland, bordered by the Rhine River and to the east is Austria. The central point of the national capital, Vaduz, is located at 47 ° 09 'north latitude and 9 ° 31' east longitude, with a land area of 160 square kilometers.
topographic features
The western part of Liechtenstein is a long and narrow alluvial plain, accounting for about 40% of the total area. The rest is mountainous. Grauspitz (2599m) in the southern Retia Mountains is the highest point in the country. The lowest point in Liechtenstein is RuggellerRiet, with an elevation of 430 meters.
Climatic characteristics
Liechtenstein has a temperate continental climate, with a mild climate. The average temperature is 1.1 ℃ in January, 19.9 ℃ in July, and - 2.2 ℃ in some regions in January. Liechtenstein has a mild and humid climate, with an annual precipitation of about 1000 millimeters. The precipitation in February is the lowest of the year, at about 95 millimeters; July can reach 181 millimeters, which is the time of the year with the highest precipitation.
Hydrological conditions
The main river in Liechtenstein is the Rhine River. The only natural lake is the GambrinerSeele Lake, which was caused by the erosion of the Rhine River in 1927. The lake has an elevation of 435 meters and a surface area of 2.6 hectares, with an average depth of 3 meters and a maximum depth of 6 meters.
natural resources
mineral resources
Liechtenstein lacks mineral resources and has a certain amount of marble mines within its territory.
Forest resources
In 2010, Liechtenstein had a forest area of 70 square kilometers and a forest coverage rate of 43.8%.
land resource
In 2005, Liechtenstein had approximately 40 square kilometers of arable land, accounting for 25% of the country's total land area.
administrative division
Zoning details
Liechtenstein divides the country into 11 districts (all of which are first level administrative districts), most of which actually only contain a single town.
Liechtenstein's first level administrative regions include Vaduz, Schaan, Balzers, Triesen, Eschen, Mauren, Triesenberg, Ruggell, Gambrin, Schellenberg, Planken.
Introduction to the Capital
Vaduz is the capital of Liechtenstein, the political, economic, and cultural center of the country, and also the largest city and tourist center in the country. Located on the east bank of the Rhine River, in a basin surrounded by mountains. There are no high-rise buildings in the city, but various shops, hotels, post offices, museums, and hospitals.
National Symbol Editing Broadcast
national flag
The flag of Liechtenstein is rectangular in shape, with a length to width ratio of 5:3. It is composed of two parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, with blue on the top and red on the bottom, and a golden crown in the upper left corner. Liechtenstein is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The blue and red colors on the national flag come from the colors of the prince's flag of the Principality. Blue represents the blue sky, and red represents the fire on the ground at night. The crown on the flag is the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, which was added in 1937 to distinguish it from the Haitian flag. The crown is also a symbol of the Holy Roman Empire, as Liechtenstein was historically a fiefdom of the Holy Roman Empire's princes.
national emblem
The national emblem of Liechtenstein is in the form of a cloak. The top of the cloak is a sacred Roman imperial crown, and the inside of the cloak is a shield emblem. There are six sets of patterns on the shield surface: the eagle wearing a crown in the upper left corner, symbolizing Silesia; The upper right corner is a crown ornament, symbolizing the Kueringer family (an Austrian family, with the Liechtenstein family being the heir); The lower left corner is a small red and white shield, symbolizing the Principality of Tropao; In the lower right corner is an eagle wearing a crown and disguised as a human face, symbolizing Ritter Berg; The small shield in the center of the shield is composed of yellow and red, symbolizing the Liechtenstein family; The blue background at the bottom of the small shield is painted with a golden horn, symbolizing the Duchy of Hunter Village. The entire shield pattern records the historical process of the royal family of the duchy passing down from generation to generation.
national anthem
The melody of Liechtenstein's national anthem "On the Young Rhine" is derived from the British national anthem "Blessed Queen". God Bless the Queen "was created in 1745 and was originally a tribute to the Queen of England; Due to the extensive colonial scope of Britain and the strong nationalist color of this piece, it has been filled with different words as the national anthem of many countries.
Lyrics of 'On the Young Rhine': Standing high by the Rhine River, backed by the Alps, Liechtenstein. This beloved hometown, this dear hometown, God has chosen this blessed cave for us. This beloved hometown, this dear hometown, God has chosen this cave for us.
national flower
The national flower of Liechtenstein is the yellow lily. Yellow lilies, also known as wild lilies, trumpet lilies, mountain lilies, medicinal lilies, and family lilies, are perennial bulbous herbaceous flowers with a height of 40-60 centimeters and upright stems without branching. There are underground bulbs, which are broadly ovate or lanceolate, white or light yellow, and are surrounded by fleshy scales with a diameter of 6-8 centimeters to form a spherical shape. There is a membranous layer outside. Most fibrous roots are located at the base of the bulb. The flowers grow on the top of the stem in clusters or single raceme. The corolla is large, the tube is long, and it is funnel shaped and trumpet shaped. It has six lobes without sepals. Because the stem is thin and the flowers are large, they often droop or stretch when opening; The flower color is yellow.
Population Editing Broadcast
As of December 2021, Liechtenstein had a population of 39315, of which foreign nationals accounted for approximately 34.4%, mainly from Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and Italy. The main ethnic group in Liechtenstein is the Germanic people.
Politics
regime
The constitutional monarchy adopts parliamentary democracy, and the duke has the highest power. The people exercise their political rights by electing members of parliament, proposing initiatives, and participating in civil referendums. In 2021, a new government was established, consisting of the Radical Civic Party and the Motherland Alliance.
parliament
The Liechtenstein Parliament implements a unicameral system. The people directly elect the parliament, and the Speaker is the highest representative of the people. The parliament participates in legislation, concludes national treaties, manages finances, and supervises the government. The term of office of the parliament is four years.
The Speaker is re elected once a year. Current Speaker Albert Frick. The Speaker and Members are both part-time. The current parliament was formed in February 2021, with 25 members, 10 seats for the Radical Civic Party, 10 seats for the Motherland Alliance, 3 seats for the Free List, and 2 seats for the Independent Party.
government
The government of Liechtenstein consists of five members appointed by the Duke on the recommendation of the Parliament for a term of four years. The current government will be formed in March 2021. Daniel Risch, Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Sabine Monauni, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior, Economy and Environment, Graziella Marok Wachter, member of the government and Minister of Infrastructure and Justice, and Dominique Hasler, member of the government and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Education and Sports, Manuel Frick, a government member and Minister of Social and Cultural Affairs.
